GRAM-POSITIVE GRAM-NEGATIVE Auckland 2009 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Percentage Susceptible MSSA (16,953) MRSA (1,839) (9.8% of [all urinary isolates] (1,282) (Gp A Strep) (4,281) (Gp B Strep) (678) [99% urinary isolates] (1,849) [96% urinary isolates] (15,363) [86% urinary] (1,887) [88% urinary isolates] (1,041) [53% urinary isolates] (678 [28% urinary isolates] (241) [76% urinary isolates] (282) [64% urinary isolates] (159) [26% urinary isolates] (1,105) [19% urinary isolates] (142) EAR/ RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
• Respiratory viruses, e.g. Influenza •Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila• H.influenzae
Community-acquired Pneumonia•S.pneumoniae
not tested: the antibiotic is not usually appropriate treatment for this bacterium
URINARY TRACT INFECTION S. pneumoniae susceptible to penicillin can be considered susceptible to ampicillin, amoxycillin, amoxycillin/
b) No official interpretive criteria exist for testing S. pyogenes susceptibility to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline.
clavulanate, cefaclor, and cefuroxime: these agents are not tested routinely against penicillin susceptible strains.
Cotrimoxazole and tetracycline are not appropriate treatments for streptococcal pharyngitis.
Penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae are less susceptible to all ß-lactam antibiotics, but this relative resistance
c) For staphylococcal susceptibility testing, erythromycin is a surrogate for clindamycin. Erythromycin resistant
is of little significance in the case of amoxycillin which, in standard or high oral doses, is still likely to be effective
strains are commonly resistant to clindamycin. Erythromycin susceptible isolates are rarely clindamycin
in treating most pneumococcal infections other than meningitis. The same is true for parenteral cefuroxime and
parenteral penicillin itself. Cefaclor is less active than these agents against S. pneumoniae, and although effective
d) Enterococcus spp.: cephalosporins, gentamicin and cotrimoxazole may appear active in vitro but are not
against penicillin susceptible strains, is not recommended for treatment of infection due to penicillin non-
susceptible strains. Isolates with reduced susceptibility to penicillin are also commonly resistant to erythromycin,
There are no established breakpoints for testing H. influenzae against erythromycin (or roxithromycin) by the
SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. Amoxycillin remains the oral treatment of choice for most infections due to
disc method. Most isolates of H. influenzae are only moderately susceptible to these antibiotics and it may be
S. pneumoniae despite relative resistance in vitro. Note: clavulanate adds nothing to the activity of amoxycillin
No official interpretive criteria exist for testing S. agalactiae susceptibility to nitrofurantoin.
Breves consideraciones sobre la preparación de soluciones por Guerrero Hernán Llega el momento en que todos comenzamos a buscar artículos de bricolaje o DIY (do it yourself – hágalo usted mis- mo), o bien los peces se enferman y se debe medicar. También sucede que uno, no conforme con los kits analíticos comer-ciales o fertilizantes comerciales, decide prepararlos “a medida�
OTC Items That Require Prescription or Prescription Order Form In March 2010, the Patient Protection and Aff ordable Care Act medicine or drug is a prescribed drug (determined without regard (PPACA) amended previous legislated defi nitions of which to whether such drug is available without a prescription) or is over-the-counter (OTC) healthcare expenses are eligible for tax-advantage