Sexual Transmitted Infections
Many genital and urinary tract infections are spread though close physical contract with an infected person. Unprotected sex is therefore the most common way of passing on the infection. Sexual y transmitted infections (STIs) include the following:
CHLAMYDIA Symptoms
Genital chlamydial infection in women often causes no symptoms.
Some women may have 'non-specific symptoms' such as cystitis, change in vaginal discharge, mild lower abdominal pain. If the infection is left untreated it may lead to pelvic pain, pain on intercourse or, occasionally, bleeding between periods. It can spread to the womb and tubes leading to pelvic inflammatory disease. This is a major cause of infertility, ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage.
In men, about half will experience symptoms, either urethral discharge from the penis, inflammation of the tube leading from the bladder to the tip of the penis (urethritis) or of the tube leading from the testis to the penis (epididymitis) which can impair fertility. It can also cause an uncommon condition affecting the eyes and joints (Reiter’s syndrome).
Treatment
Genital chlamydial infections are usually successfully treated with antibiotics. It is important to treat any sexual partners as well.
The complications of long-term infection can be more difficult to deal with. Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce the risk of complications, so possible symptoms should be investigated as soon as possible. Genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, or sexual health clinics, can provide the necessary advice, tests and treatment.
GONORRHOEA Symptoms
Up to half of all women who contract gonorrhoea do not experience any symptoms.
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However, those who do may notice, a strong, unpleasant smelling discharge from the vagina, which may appear green or yellow in colour. Pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area, including a burning sensation when peeing. Irritation or discharge from the anus. Around 90% of men who contract gonorrhoea experience symptoms such as:
A white, yellow or green-coloured discharge from the tip of the penis.
Pain or tenderness caused by inflammation of the testicles or prostate gland.
Symptoms in both men and women usually appear between one and fourteen days after infection.
Treatment
It is important to receive treatment for gonorrhoea as quickly as possible, as the disease can cause complications and serious health problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if it is left untreated. It is also important that all the patient’s current and recent sexual partners are tested and treated for the disease if necessary.
Gonorrhoea is treated with a single dose of antibiotics, usually penicillin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin or ampicillin, taken orally (swallowed). Sometimes, you may be given a single dose of antibiotics by injection. Recently, it has become apparent that some strains of gonorrhoea are becoming resistant to some antibiotics. If the condition does not clear up after treatment by traditional antibiotics, your doctor may prescribe stronger variations such as quinolene, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime or spectinomycin.
Treatment at a GUM clinic is free of charge and totally independent of your GP if you wish.
You will need to make a follow-up appointment with your GP or GUM clinic for around 72 hours after your initial treatment to check that the antibiotics have been effective. You should avoid sexual intercourse and intimate contact with other partners until it is confirmed that the antibiotics have worked.
Babies who display signs of a gonorrhoeal infection at birth (e.g such as inflammation of the eyes) or who are at increased risk of infection (the mother has been diagnosed with gonorrhoea), will usually be given antibiotics immediately after birth to prevent blindness and other complications
HEPATITIS
Hepatitis means ‘liver inflammation’. It is caused by a virus. Several kinds of hepatitis virus can infect the liver, but the most common are the hepatitis A and B viruses.
Hepatitis A is caught through the contamination of food and water with faeces through poor personal hygiene or sanitation.
Hepatitis B is spread through exchange of blood and body fluids. It can be caught through unprotected sex or from unsterilised needles or contaminated blood products.
There are four other recognised hepatitis viruses, named from C to G.
Hepatitis C is also spread through exchange of blood or blood products. It is spread through sharing needles and needlestick accidents. It was spread by blood transfusions before mid-1992, when screening for hepatitis C was brought in.
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Hepatitis A and E cause only acute infection, while hepatitis B and C cause chronic (ongoing) illness. Hepatitis D is only present in people infected with hepatitis B.
The glandular fever virus can also be a cause of hepatitis.
Vaccinations are available for hepatitis A and hepatitis B (singly or combined), and also as a combination of hepatitis A and typhoid.
GENITAL HERPES
Many people do not experience any symptoms, but if you do, they will usually begin between 2 and 7 days after exposure to the virus (usually by sexual contact with someone who already has herpes).
However, it is important to note that symptoms occasionally do not appear until months or years after being exposed to the virus.
The primary infection
The first occurrence of genital herpes is called the initial or primary infection. You may experience a range of symptoms during the primary infection, such as:
• fever, • aches and pains, • swollen lymph glands (at the top of your legs), and • general y feeling unwell.
These symptoms may last for up to 21 days.
You may also have an itching or burning sensation in your genital area. Painful red spots may then appear around your genitals, which gradually turn into fluid-filled blisters. These blisters will then burst, leaving painful ulcers. These ulcers do dry out and heal though, after around 10 to 14 days – and should not scar. These symptoms can vary from person to person, for example, you may not experience the blisters, but only have ulcers which appear to be small cuts or cracks in your skin.
For women, herpes usually affects the vulva, the entrance to the vagina, and sometimes the cervix. For men, the affected area is mainly the end and shaft of the penis, the foreskin, and sometimes the testicles. It is also possible, though less common, to have sores on the buttocks, anus and top of the thighs.
Urinating can be very painful, particularly for women
TREATMENT
There a number of ways of relieving the symptoms of genital herpes:
Painkillers, such as paracetamol, can help to relieve the pain.
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Anaesthetic ointment can be applied to the sores to ease the pain and/or itching. These ointments, such as lidocaine, are available from pharmacies. If your symptoms feel worse after applying the cream, you may be allergic to it. Simply stop using it and your skin will return to normal. Always wash your hands before touching the sores to avoid passing on any bacteria to the infected area.
Urinating can be painful, especially for women, so it may be a good idea to apply anaesthetic ointment (see above) around 5 minutes before urinating. Or, try passing urine while sitting in a warm bath. Drinking more water, rather than less, will also help to dilute your urine, and therefore help to ease the discomfort when you go to the toilet.
Keep the infected area as cool as possible by wearing loose cotton underwear. An icepack, wrapped in a clean tea towel and held against the area for a few minutes, can also help to soothe the sores.
Avoid using scented soaps, shower gels, or bubble bath, as they can cause further irritation in the infected area. Try gently cleaning the area with warm water instead, and dabbing very carefully with a towel, or using a hairdryer on the lowest setting to dry yourself if a towel feels too painful.
Antiviral medication
Antiviral medication is available on prescription from your GP. Antiviral treatment is usually in tablet form, and works by preventing the herpes simplex virus from multiplying. It does not clear the virus from your body completely though, and does not have any effect once you stop taking it.
It can be most effective during the first instance of genital herpes (the primary infection) as this is when the symptoms tend to be at their worst. If you start taking the medicine within 5 days of the symptoms appearing, you are likely to be prescribed a 5-day course of the tablets. If your symptoms continue, the course may be extended.
For most people, recurrent episodes are very mild and therefore antiviral medication is not needed. However, if you do have frequent or severe recurring infections, your GP may prescribe a daily tablet to help reduce the symptoms, and ideally, prevent the infections re-occurring.
SYPHILIS Symptoms
There may be barely noticeable mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. The symptoms of primary syphilis may take up to three months to become evident after sex with an infected person, and typically include:
one or more sores (ulcers) on the penis, vulva, vagina, cervix, mouth or anus, which may be weeping pus and painful, and last for around 6 weeks,
and/or small lumps due to swollen glands in the groin.
The symptoms of secondary syphilis usually appear several weeks, after any ulcers have gone. They can disappear after a few more weeks, but can re-occur for years. Symptoms of this stage include:
a non-itchy rash of dark patches, often on the palms and soles,
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feeling generally unwell, fever, extreme tiredness and malaise, headaches,
and more rarely, major body organs such as the liver, kidneys and brain begin to be affected.
Primary and secondary stage syphilis is highly infectious.
The symptoms of the secondary stage may actually disappear and the infection can lie dormant for many years (latent syphilis), but in time tertiary syphilis develops which can seriously damage major body systems and organs.
Treatment
The usual treatment for syphilis is a course of antibiotic injections. Sexual partners should be informed, and sexual contact should be avoided until all ulcers have healed and the infection has gone.
TRICHOMONIASIS VAGINALIS Symptoms
Itching and inflammation in and around the vagina
Vaginal discharge (this may be yellow in colour, unpleasant smelling and large in quantity)
Difficulty or discomfort when passing urine
Inflammation of the urine tube (urethra)
Men often experience no symptoms at all. If they do have symptoms, they may include:
Difficulty or discomfort when passing urine
Treatment
Men with an infection of the prostate can act as carriers of the infection. If one of a pair of sexual partners has the infection, both must be treated. The drug metronidazole is the mainstay of treatment and is highly effective.
HIV & AIDS About the Author
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Symptoms
People with HIV may not have any symptoms at all while they are in the latent phase. However, many people experience symptoms in the first couple of months after getting infected. These symptoms may include high temperature and fever, fatigue, skin rash, muscle pains, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. But, if you have any of these symptoms, it is worth remembering that all of them are also symptoms of much simpler and less threatening conditions, such as flu.
Once someone becomes ill with HIV, they are open to many infections. These can include infections of the mouth, such as thrush (oral candidiasis), unusual types of pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), infections of the brain and eyes, unusual skin problems and odd infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Most people with severe HIV infection also experience weight loss, enlargement of their lymph glands and persistent diarrhoea.
Please not that the above is only a brief guide, if you think you may have any of the above STD’s or would like more information please consult your doctor. If you wish to find out more about STD’s please go to www. nhsdirect.nhs.co.uk for more detailed information. About the Author
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Political Power Lines: Running at Full Capacity Exelon and PSEG Political Donations & Lobbying Expenditures 2001 through April 2006 A Report by New Jersey Citizen Action June 7, 2006 New Jersey Citizen Action 400 Main Street Hackensack, New Jersey 07601 201.488.2804 Political Power Lines: Running at Full Capacity Exelon and PSEG Political Donations &a
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Sexual Transmitted Infections 
However, those who do may notice, a strong, unpleasant smelling discharge from the vagina, which may appear green or yellow in colour. Pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area, including a burning sensation when peeing. Irritation or discharge from the anus. Around 90% of men who contract gonorrhoea experience symptoms such as:
A white, yellow or green-coloured discharge from the tip of the penis.
Pain or tenderness caused by inflammation of the testicles or prostate gland.
Symptoms in both men and women usually appear between one and fourteen days after infection.
Treatment 
Hepatitis A and E cause only acute infection, while hepatitis B and C cause chronic (ongoing) illness. Hepatitis D is only present in people infected with hepatitis B.
The glandular fever virus can also be a cause of hepatitis.
Vaccinations are available for hepatitis A and hepatitis B (singly or combined), and also as a combination of hepatitis A and typhoid.
GENITAL HERPES 
Anaesthetic ointment can be applied to the sores to ease the pain and/or itching. These ointments, such as lidocaine, are available from pharmacies. If your symptoms feel worse after applying the cream, you may be allergic to it. Simply stop using it and your skin will return to normal. Always wash your hands before touching the sores to avoid passing on any bacteria to the infected area.
Urinating can be painful, especially for women, so it may be a good idea to apply anaesthetic ointment (see above) around 5 minutes before urinating. Or, try passing urine while sitting in a warm bath. Drinking more water, rather than less, will also help to dilute your urine, and therefore help to ease the discomfort when you go to the toilet.
Keep the infected area as cool as possible by wearing loose cotton underwear. An icepack, wrapped in a clean tea towel and held against the area for a few minutes, can also help to soothe the sores.
Avoid using scented soaps, shower gels, or bubble bath, as they can cause further irritation in the infected area. Try gently cleaning the area with warm water instead, and dabbing very carefully with a towel, or using a hairdryer on the lowest setting to dry yourself if a towel feels too painful.
Antiviral medication 
feeling generally unwell, fever, extreme tiredness and malaise, headaches,
and more rarely, major body organs such as the liver, kidneys and brain begin to be affected.
Primary and secondary stage syphilis is highly infectious.
The symptoms of the secondary stage may actually disappear and the infection can lie dormant for many years (latent syphilis), but in time tertiary syphilis develops which can seriously damage major body systems and organs.
Treatment 
Symptoms