TAXONOMY OF BACTERIA TAXONOMY Taxonomic classification based on: gram staining gram positive gram negative mode of respiration aerobic anaerobic cell wall shape cocci bacilli spiral TAXONOMY Gram Positive Bacilli Gram Positive Cocci Gram Negative Bacteria Spirochetes Rickettsia Chlamydia GRAM-POSITVE BACILLI Clinically important genus Bacillus Lactobacillus Listeria Erysipelothrix Corynebacterium Mycobacterium Anaerobic Clostridium Propionibacterium AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI BACILLUS genus of Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitous in nature (soil, water, and airborne dust) Some species are natural flora in the human intestines most species are harmless saprophytes two species are considered medically significant B. anthracis B. cereus B. anthracis causes anthrax in cows, sheep, and sometimes humans Anthrax is transmitted to humans via direct contact with animal products or inhalation of endospores Anthrax can be treated with penicillin or tetracycline The anthrax bacteria can live in the soil for many years Man may become infected with anthrax by inhaling contaminated soil particles or by handling wool or hair from diseased animals Infection of the intestinal tract can occur by eating undercooked meat from diseased animals B. cereus can cause toxin-mediated food poisoning It is known to inhabit many kinds of food including stew, cereal, and milk The toxins released lead to vomiting and diarrhea toxin production usually takes place after the infected foods are cooked proper cold storage of food is recommended immediately after preparation LACTOBACILLUS ferment glucose into lactose hence the name Lactobacillus most common application of Lactobacillus is industrial specifically for dairy production yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk L. acidophilus make up part of the natural flora of the human vagina create an acidic environment which inhibits growth of many bacterial species leads to urogenital infections Lactobacillus is generally harmless to humans LISTERIA Species of human pathogenic significance L. monocytogenes found in soil and water Vegetables can become contaminated from the soil or from manure used as fertilizer Animals can carry the bacterium without appearing ill and can contaminate foods of animal origin such as meats and dairy products has been implicated in several food poisoning epidemics (Listeriosis) normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract and of animal feces infected suffer from vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea those at high risk include newborns, pregnant women and their fetuses, the elderly, and persons lacking a healthy immune system ERYSIPELOTHRIX better known as a veterinary pathogen than as a human pathogen This ubiquitous microbe has been found in many farm animals such as pigs, horses, and turkeys can infect a human host and cause Erysipeloid, an inflammatory skin disease CORYNEBACTERIUM ubiquitous in nature normally saprophytic and harmless to humans exception is the bacterium C. diphtheriae produces the toxin that causes diphtheria a disease of the upper respiratory system in humans unique in its exotoxin formation MYCOBACTERIUM M. tuberculosis causative agent of tuberculosis M. leprae causative agent of leprosy ANAEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLUS CLOSTRIDIUM anaerobic, ubiquitous in nature, especially fond of soil secrete powerful exotoxins that are responsible for tetanus botulism gas gangrene clinically important species C. tetani C. perfringens C. botulinum C. tetani causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans spores can be acquired from any type of skin trauma involving an infected device If an anaerobic environment is present, the spores will germinate and eventually form active C. tetani cells At the tissue level, the bacterium releases an exotoxin that causes nervous system irregularities toxin's effect includes constant skeletal muscle contraction due to a blockage of inhibitory interneurons that regulate muscle contraction Immunization prevents C. tetani infections in children and adults the first four shots are administered within two years of birth followed up with periodic booster shots given every ten years C. perfringens can be contracted from dirt via large cuts or wounds release of their exotoxin causes necrosis of the surrounding tissue also produce gas which leads to a bubbly deformation of the infected tissues (gas gangrene) can release an enterotoxin that may lead to severe diarrhea C. botulinum produces one of the most potent toxins in existence cause of the deadly botulism food poisoning may find their way into foods that will be placed in anaerobic storage such as cans or jars once the jars are sealed, the spores germinate and the bacteria release their potent toxin patients experience muscular paralysis and blurred vision immediate treatment with anti-toxin is required for the patient to survive infantile botulism is much milder than the adult version honey is the most common source of the spores which germinate in the child's intestinal tract symptoms last a few days and then subside without the use of an antitoxin PROPIONIBACTERIUM anaerobes P. acnes usually harmless microbe that has pathogenic potential has been linked to certain cases of endocarditis, wound infections, and abscesses Ironically, it can infect acne sites on the skin but it does not cause them GRAM-POSITVE COCCI clinically relevant gram-positive cocci bacteria Micrococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus MICROCOCCUS observed as spherical cells forming pairs or clusters a common human skin contaminant relatively harmless to humans because they maintain a saprophytic lifestyle also found in freshwater environments or in soil two common species are M. luteus M. varians STAPHYLOCOCCUS Clinically significant species are S. aureus S. epidermis S. aureus can cause soft tissue infections toxic shock syndrome (TSS) pneumonia meningitis boils osteomyelitis (bone infection) enterotoxins causes cramps and severe vomiting also secretes leukocidin toxin which destroys WBC and leads to the formation of puss and acne S. epidermidis an opportunistic pathogen which is a normal resident of human skin individuals susceptible to infection IV drug users newborns elderly those using catheters or other artificial appliances STREPTOCOCCUS appear as chains produce exotoxins which destroy phagocytic cells host connective tissue fibrin (blood clots) clinically significant genus S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae S. agalactiae S. mutans S. pyogenes an opportunistic pathogen is responsible for about 90% of all cases of "Strep throat" characterized by inflammation and swelling of the throat, as well as development of pus-filled regions on the tonsils if the infection reaches the lungs it could lead to pneumonia or rheumatic fever S. pyogenes also causes impetigo, cellulitis, scarlet fever and erysipelas S. pneumoniae causes pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media S. agalactiae the causative agent in mastitis in cows has also been found to be a cause of sexually transmitted urogenital infections in females S. mutans inhabit the mouth most tooth decay can be attributed to S. mutans GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA Clinically significant genus Neisseria Haemophilus Bordetella Brucella Francisella Pasteurella Legionella Vibrio Helicobacter Vibrioids Enterobacteriaceae NEISSERIA diplococci which inhabit the mucous membranes clinically significant N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea is transmitted between humans through intimate contact of the mucous membrane can be carried by men and women for many years without any sign or symptoms Females infected with gonorrhea exhibit vaginal discharges, abdominal pain, and abnormal non-menstrual bleeding In infected males, the disease is characterized by a urethral discharge of puss this disease is treatable sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, drying, and antibiotics Use of the birth control pill can lower the glycogen concentration of the vaginal membrane This environmental change inhibits the growth of acid-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus, which are the natural flora of the vagina The vaginal pH soon becomes less acidic and a variety of organisms are able to grow there N. meningitidis the second leading cause of meningitis inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system Early symptoms may include headache, fever, and vomiting Death can quickly follow due to endotoxin shock Infection doesn't always lead to death can often assume a carrier status with carriers not actually developing the disease HAEMOPHILUS common in children can cause a secondary respiratory infection that usually inflicts those who already have the flu H. influenzae occur as natural flora of the nose and pharynx can confer severe illness in patients that are immunosuppressed or that have pre-existing respiratory ailments most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children between the ages of five months and five years The initial respiratory infection can spread to the blood stream and eventually the central nervous system A stiff neck, lethargy, and the absence of the sucking reflex are common symptoms in infected babies H. influenzae is the number one cause of Epiglottitis potentially fatal disease may cause airway obstruction in children between the ages of 2 and 4 Haemophilus infection has also been associated with chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, earaches, conjunctivitis and chancaroid (sexually transmitted) BORDETELLA most important species in this genus is B. pertussis causes whooping cough highly contagious bacterium makes its way into the respiratory tract via inhalation subsequently binds to and destroys the ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi whooping cough usually afflicts children less than a year old A vaccine has reduced the incidence of this disease one hundred fold since its introduction BRUCELLA causes Brucellosis This organism is sometimes carried by animals and only causes incidental infections in humans cattle, swine, goats, dogs Brucella can enter the body via the skin, respiratory tract, or digestive tract Symptoms can include high fever, chills, and sweating FRANCISELLA causes tularemia disease that humans can catch from tick bites This highly infectious disease is carried by rodents, deer, pets, and many other animals Humans can acquire the organism in several different ways through lesions in skin A sudden onset of flu like symptoms (headache, fever, chills) is observed in infected individuals PASTEURELLA P. multocida is the species which most commonly infects humans humans can acquire the organism from dog or cat bites Patients tend to exhibit swelling, cellulitis, and some bloody drainage at the wound site Infection may also move to nearby joints where it can cause swelling and arthritis LEGIONELLA first discovery of Legionella came in 1976 outbreak of pneumonia at an American Legion convention led to 29 deaths (Legionnaires' disease) Respiratory transmission of this organism can lead to infection, which is usually characterized by a gradual onset of flu-like symptoms Patients may experience fever, chills, and a dry cough as part of the early symptoms Patients can develop severe pneumonia which is not responsive to penicillins Vibrio species are non-invasive pathogens can cause some of the most serious cases of diarrhea and thousands of people die from infection annually waterborne organisms are transmitted to humans via infected water or through fecal transmission Most clinically important is V. cholerae in countries with poor sewage or water treatment cholera is sometimes seen in epidemic proportions characterized by severe diarrhea which has a rice-water color and consistency The diarrhea is so severe that about 60% percent of cholera deaths are due to dehydration After cholera organisms are ingested, they descend to the intestinal tract where they release their exotoxin induces the epithelial cells to excrete salt The cells then lose water which passively flows out of the cells Fluid and electrolyte replacement is the key to treating cholera patients Another strain which causes diarrhea can be found in raw seafood such as sushi and oysters HELICOBACTER leading cause of peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis Infected patients can be treated with an antacid as well as tetracycline to treat the ulcers and inhibit the growth of the organism VIBRIOIDS Most interesting is a bacterial predator slips in between the cell wall and cell membrane of a host bacterium and parasitizes the organism ENTEROBACTERIACEAE among the most pathogenic and most often encountered organisms in clinical microbiology large rods are usually associated with intestinal infections can cause meningitis, dysentery, typhoid, and food poisoning ENTEROBACTERIACEAE Clinically important Escherichia coli Shigella Salmonella Klebsiella Proteus Yersinia ESCHERICHIA COLI can cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and traveler's diarrhea part of the normal flora of the human intestinal tract plays a crucial role in food digestion by producing vitamin K from undigested material in the large intestine Pathogenic strains can cause severe cases of diarrhea in all age groups by producing a powerful endotoxin Treating E. coli infections with antibiotics may actually place the patient in severe shock which could possibly lead to death because more of the bacterium's toxin is released when the cell dies SHIGELLA In many cases Shigella infection will lead to diarrhea accompanied by fever an invasive pathogen which can be recovered from the bloody stool of an infected host Invasive pathogens colonize the host's tissues as opposed to growing on tissue surfaces is easily spread from host to host the primary suspect in outbreaks of diarrhea SALMONELLA Can cause bacterial food poisoning Transmission is usually through uncooked meats and eggs Chickens are a major reservoir of Salmonella explains its ubiquitous presence in poultry products Ingesting contaminated foods can cause intestinal infection leading to diarrhea, vomiting, chills, and headache capsular properties can cause serious complications in immunosuppressed individuals such as HIV / AIDS patients S. typhosa causes typhoid fever (enteric fever) characterized by fever, diarrhea, and inflammation of the infected organs KLEBSIELLA produces large sticky colonies K. pneumoniae infections are common in hospitals where they cause pneumonia and urinary tract infections in catheterized patients cause of septicemia can cause urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired infections usually only targets immunosuppressed individuals YERSINIA an invasive pathogen which can penetrate the gut lining and enter the lymphatic system and the blood ingestion of contaminated foods, can cause a severe intestinal inflammation called yersiniosis Release of its enterotoxin can cause severe pain similar to that found in patients with appendicitis Y. pestis causes the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plagues Human contraction of bubonic plague is usually through flea bites Once inside the body, Y. pestis releases a toxin which inhibits the Kreb’s cycle in host cells Swelling of the lymph nodes, skin blotches, and delirium are sometimes observed within a few days of infection Untreated infections usually result in death within a week of initial infection the plague has historically been a deadly pathogen inflicting Europeans in epidemic proportions during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries lack of sanitation allowed the plague to go unchecked killing tens of millions SPIROCHETES Typically have a helical or spiral structure clinically significant genus Treponema Borellia Leptospira TREPONEMA T. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis BORELLIA B.burgdorferi is the agent which causes Lyme Disease typically spread by bites of small ticks LEPTOSPIRA members of this genus can cause leptospirosis spread by contaminated urine from pets pets are commonly immunized RICKETTSIA can reproduce only within a host cell R. ricketsii is cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever which is carried in the digestive tract of some species of ticks CHLAMYDIA do not require insects or ticks for transmission C. trachomais is a sexually transmitted urethritis END TAXONOMY
nno Scolastico 1982 / 83 : maturità scientifica presso il Liceo Scientifico A. Tassoni di Modena con punti 39/60 3 Ottobre 1989 : laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia presso l'Università Degli Studi di Modena con punti 110 su 110 (tesi di laurea: Perimetria automatica computerizzata e manuale: raffronto dei deficits del campo visivo nel glaucoma ad angolo aperto - relatore: Prof. E
Long Term Care and the 2008 General Assembly eral Assembly this year on SB 315; view of Medicaid home and communi-however, the House voted to adopt the SB 42 continues the Select Joint Com- this session. Although many issues adds additional responsibilities for structuring, other important issues The Commission has been very in-of the bills impacting long term care caid issues such as nur