pekinensis, cv Hukjinju. It was obtained from a horticulturalstation. When the crop grew into the second leaf stage,
was added. In order to attack with a club
root, resting spores were mixed with soil to give finedconcentration of 110 6 spores/ml. Dried soil was placed onthe plastic pot and the second leaf stage crop was placedon. The soil containing resting spores was added on thecrop. Ten ml of the fermentation broth was poured on thepot, and test crops were grown in a greenhouse at 25 (±5)oCfor 21 days. The fungal control was analyzed based on thefollowing index: 0=no clubs, 1=small galls formed on lateralroots, 2=galls formed on lateral roots or small galls formedon the main roots, and 3=many big galls formed on lateraland main roots. Since the control does not include anyfermentation broth, it should show the index 3 [4].
Among forty-eight actinomycetes screened, three strains
Fig. 1. The roots of the crop used for testing,
showed 100% control value, as listed in Table 1. Fluazinam
subsp. napus var. pekinensis, cv Hukjinju, that
was used for a reference. It showed 67% control value at
was not treated (left), and was treated with
125 ppm and 100% control value at 500 ppm. Figure 1
shows the root of the crop used for testing
subsp. napus var. pekinensis, cv Hukjinju
was not treated (left), and it was treated with (right). Strains BG2-17, BG2-19, and BG2-43
showed 100% control value. As mentioned earlier, 100%
Table 1. The activities of fermentation broths of strains tested
of the control value denotes that there were no clubs.
Figure 2 shows the root of the crop treated with BG2-17
by treatment with other strains, except for three strains
mentioned above, showed indices between 0.5 and 2.5. In
order to compare severity of infection vs. different indices,
the results obtained by treatments with BG2-43, BG2-58,
and B-21, whose indices were 0, 1, and 2, respectively, are
The strains BG2-17, BG2-19, and BG2-43 showing
100% of the control value were identified as
sp. on the basis of partial 16S rDNA [5, 6, 13]. The
*Index: 0=no clubs, 1=small galls formed on lateral roots, 2=galls formedon lateral roots or small galls formed on the main roots, 3=many big gallsformed on lateral and main roots. The control gave the index of 3.0 and 0% control value. Fluazinam at 125 ppm and 500 ppm used for a reference gave the index of
Fig. 2. The root of the crop treated with BG2-17 after being
1.0 and 67% control value, and 0.0 and 100%, respectively. Fig. 5. A comparison of strain BG2-19 with Fig. 3. The results obtained from treatments with (a) BG2-43 (index=0), (b) BG2-58 (index=1), (c) B-21 (index=2), and control (index=3).
detailed procedures for 16S rDNA analysis followed theprevious method published by Kim
sequences (452-bp) of the strain BG2-17, identified fromGenBank by the BLAST program, showed the highesthomology (99% identity) with
9]. A comparison of the strain BG2-17 with
is shown in Fig. 4. The evolutionary tree
constructed by using PHYDIT program indicated that thestrain BG2-17 was related to
with a high bootstrap value [1, 11].
The 462 bps of strain BG2-19 showed the highest
Fig. 6. A comparison of strain BG2-43 with
analysis of phylogenic tree indicated that strain BG2-19was also closely related to
Strain BG2-43 gene (451 bps) showed the highest homology
17, BG2-19, and BG2-43, among forty-eight tested strains
to have potent anti-fungal activities.
is shown in Fig. 6. Based on the homology value, strainBG2-43 could be a new strain. Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a grant from Biogreen 21project in 2001. REFERENCES
1. Jukes, T. H. and C. R. Cantor. 1969. Evolution of protein
2. Kim, B. J., M. Cho, J. Kim, K. Cho, G. Choi, C. Lee, and Y. 11: 1120- 1123. Fig. 4. A comparison of strain BG2-17 with
3. Kim, B. J., S. H. Lee, M. A. Lyu, S. J. Kim, G. H. Bai,
G. T. Chae, E. C. Kim, C. Y. Cha, and Y. H. Kook. 1999.
Identification of mycobacterial species by comparative
sequence analysis of the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB).
. 11: 1011- 1017. 37: 1714- 1720.
9. Park, U., J. Suh, and S. Hong. 2000. Genetic analysis of
4. Kim, J., G. Choi, J. Park, H. Kim, and K. Cho. 2001.
Activity against plant pathogenic fungi of phomalactone
. 10: 169- 175.
10. Rhee, K. H., K. H. Choi, C. J. Kim, and C. H. Kim. 2001.
5. Kim, J. and J. Lee. 2000. Cloning, DNAsequence determination,
antibiotic substance inhibitory to vancomycin-resistant
and analysis of growth-associated expression of the
. 11: 469- 474.
gene coding for Fe- and Zn-containing superoxide dismutase
11. Saitou, N. and M. Mei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method:
. 10: 700-
A mew method for reconstructing phylogenic trees.
4: 406- 425.
6. Kitani, S., M. J. Bibb, and T. Nihira. 2000. Conjugal transfer
12. Seo, Y., K. Cho, H. Lee, T. Yoon, and J. Shin. 2000. New
. 10: 535- 538.
. 10: 176- 180.
7. Lee, H. S., W. Jin, and S. G. Kang. 2000. Characterization of
13. Ueda, K., T. Seki, T. Kudo, T. Yoshida, and M. Kataoka.
1999. Two distinct mechanisms cause heterogeneity of 16S
. 10: 81- 85. 181: 78- 82.
8. Park, J., J. Lee, T. Kwon, D. Yi, Y. Park, and S. Kang. 2001.
Purification and Characterization of a Cytochrome P - 450
Institute of International Relations and .S. Wars Japan’s Passive Support for U.S. Wars: Examining the Case for Humanitarian Intervention in Libya and Syria Abstract This paper examines Japanese Foreign Policy in regards to claims that it is both passive and unfailingly supportive of US Foreign Policy even when the latter’s military actions clash with Japan’s professed commi
Diagnosis and Management of Hypothermia in Neurosurgical Patients By Avery Jackson, MD Dear Colleagues: I came across an article that I wanted to share with you that was put together by Powers and Friedman out of Duke University Department of Neurosurgery regarding hyponatremia. It is in Contemporary Neurosurgery. I found it to be extremely helpful in the management of hyponatremia.
pekinensis, cv Hukjinju. It was obtained from a horticulturalstation. When the crop grew into the second leaf stage,
was added. In order to attack with a club
root, resting spores were mixed with soil to give finedconcentration of 110 6 spores/ml. Dried soil was placed onthe plastic pot and the second leaf stage crop was placedon. The soil containing resting spores was added on thecrop. Ten ml of the fermentation broth was poured on thepot, and test crops were grown in a greenhouse at 25 (±5)oCfor 21 days. The fungal control was analyzed based on thefollowing index: 0=no clubs, 1=small galls formed on lateralroots, 2=galls formed on lateral roots or small galls formedon the main roots, and 3=many big galls formed on lateraland main roots. Since the control does not include anyfermentation broth, it should show the index 3 [4].
Fig. 5. A comparison of strain BG2-19 with