M045doc.pdf
Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf omoemESpf 235-ckESpfodkYta&muf rZÑdra'orS aomPax&fESifh
Owå&ax&f trª;ûyaom rax&f ig;yg;wdkYonf Ak'¨omoemawmfudk jrefrmEdkifiHatmufydkif; ok0PÖblrd oxHkjynfodkY
oxHkjynfh½Sif oD&drmaomurif;ESifhwuG wdkif;oljynfom; vlxktrsm;wdkYonf or®m'd|dt,ljzpfaom Ak'¨
omoemESpf 1601-ckepfodkY ta&mufwGif ½Sift&[Hrax&fjrwfonf oxHkjynfrS Ak'¨omoemawmfudk
jrefrmEdkifiHtxufydkif; t&dr'´e yk*HjynfodkY pwif aqmif,lawmfrlcJhavonf/
yk*Hjynfh½Sif taemf&xm;rif;ESifhwuG wkdif;oljynfom; vlxktrsm;wdkYonf or®m'd|d t,ljzpfaom Ak'¨
þodkYtm;jzifh Ak'¨omoemawmfonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmft0Srf; xGef;vif; jyefYyGm;cJhonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrif;
tqufqufwdkYonfvnf; Ak'¨omoem BuD;yGm;xGef;vif;&eftvdkYiSg pGrf;tm;½Sdoavmuf ypö,mEk*¾[jzifh csD;ajr§muf
rSm;,Gif;aom t,l½SdMuukefaom wdkif;oljynfom; vlxktrsm;wdkYudkvnf; or®m'd|dt,ljzpfaom Ak'¨
odkYjzpfaomaMumifh rSefeef;&mZ0if bk&ifhaemif tcef;ü ]]tjynfjynfaxmifaom rdpäm'd|dwdkYudk or®m'd|d
jzpfatmif qHk;ravh½Sdaom omoemh 'g,umrif;}} [lí¤if; ]]rdpämt,lrSonf or®m'd|dBuD;jzpfapí y&d,wåd y#dywåd
omoemawmfudk wnfaponf}} [lí¤if; a&;om;cJhavonf/
¤if;t&mZ0ifrsm;t&qdkvQif jrefrmEdkifiH atmufydkif;ü omoemESpf 235-ckepfupí omoemxGef;vif;
cJhaMumif; jrefrmEdkifiH txufydkif;ü omoemESpf 1601-ckepfupí omoem xGef;vif;cJhaMumif;? omoemudk
ouf0if,HkMunfMuukefaom jrefrmwdkif;bGm; vlrsdK;tm;vHk;udkvnf; ]]or®m'd|dvlrsdK;}} [lí ac:a0:MuaMumif;
\ taMumif;&if;rSm jrwfbk&m;\ omoemawmfudk ouf0if,HkMunfMu
ukefaom olwdkYonf ]]or®m'd|dtusifh}}udk usifhMuolrsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
jcif;jzifh Oygoum Oygodumrtjzpfudk cH,lMuí ig;yg;
oDvudk cg;0wf ykqdk;uJhodkY NrJpGJMuum r*fzdkvf edAÁmef&aMumif; or®m'd|d a½SYoGm;½Sdaom r*¾if½Spfyg;udk usifhaom
r*¾if½Spfyg;udk usifhaomolonf opömav;yg;udk odjrifí r*fav;yg; zdkvfav;wef edAÁmef[laom
avmukwå&m w&m;udk;yg;udk rdrdwdkY yg&rDtqifhtwef;? tavsmuf rsufarSmuf ûyEdkifMuonf/
þor®m'd|dtusifhonf **Fg0gVK oJpkru yGifhawmfrlMuukefaom bk&m;½SifwdkY a[mMum;awmfrlaom tusifh
y#dywfjzpfí bk&m;½SifwdkY\ omoemxGef;vif;aomtcgwdkYü wnf½Sdavonf/
þ or®m'd|dtusifhudk usifhí atmufxpfqHk;tm;jzifh aomwmywåd r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPfudk&aom olonf
aomwmyef yk*¾dKvftqifhtwef;odkY a&mufavonf/
aomwmyef yk*¾dKvfonf þb0rS pkwdpdwf usvQif tyg,f 'k*¾bHkb0odkY roGm;awmhbJ umrbHkü tvGefqHk;
(7)b0 aeNyD;aemuf ½kyfemrfcsKyfNidrf;í edAÁmef0ifavawmhonf/
ou'g*grd r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPf&aomolonf ou'g*grf yk*¾dKvftqifhtwef;odkY a&mufavonf/
ou'g*grfyk*¾dKvfonf þb0rS pkwdpdwfusvQif ewfjynfü jzpfNyD;aemuf þb0odkY wBudrfjyefvmum
½kyfemrfcsKyfNidrf;í edAÁmef0ifavawmhonf/
tem*grd r*fÓPfç zdkÓPfudk &aom yk*¾dKvfonf tem*grf yk*¾dKvf tqifhtwef;odkY a&mufavonf/
tem*grf yk*¾dKvfonf þumrbHkodkYyif jyefrvmawmhbJ txufjA[®mhjynfüjzpfum ½kyfemrf csKyfNidrf;í
t&[wå r*fÓPfç zdkvfÓPfudk &aom yk*¾dKvfonf &[EÅmyk*¾dKvf tqifhtwef;odkY a&mufavonf/
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfonf þb0rS pkwdpdwfusonfESifh wûydifeuf ½kyfemrfcsKyfNidrf;í edAÁmef 0ifpHavawmhonf/
þodkYaom or®m'd|dtusifhudk usifhoHk; vmcJhMuonfh a½S;jrefrmwdkif;bGm; vlrsdK;rsm;tbdkYrSm rdrdwdkY
usifhoHk;tyfaom tusifhtm;avsmfpGm vma&mufMu&rnfh b0udk tawmftwef cefYrSef;Edkif MuaomaMumifh ]]wrvGef
b0 ½Sdç r½Sd}} [laom jyóem ray:aygufcJhMuacs/
raumif;aomtrIudpöudkûyvQif xdkraumif;rIuHaMumifh raumif;usdK; ay;onfç raumif;aom tyg,f'k*¾wd
b0odkY a&mufonfudk¤if;ç aumif;aom trIudpöudkûyvQif xdkaumif;rIuHaMumifh aumif;usdK;ay; onf aumif;aom
ewf½Gm ok*wdb0odkY a&mufonfudk¤if; ,HkMunfMuNyD; jzpfavonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfüum; þodkY or®m'd|d t,l½SdMuukefaom jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYcsnf; tpOfxm0& aexdkifMuonf
jrefrmh &mZ0ifrsm;wGif jyefvnfí avhvmaomtcg tif;0acwf tpydkif;avmufupí EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
jzpfMuaom jyifopfç ay:wl*Dç t*Fvdyfç 'yfcsfç tdE´d,paom vlrsdK;rsm;onf ukefonftjzpf jzifh¤if;ç rif;rIxrf;
tjzpfjzifh¤if;ç jrefrmEdkifiHodkY 0ifa&muf aexdkifMuaMumif; od&avonf/
¤if;EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkYtm; jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYu ukvm;jzLç ukvm;rJwdkY[lí¤if;ç odk;aqmifvlrsdK;wdkY [lí¤if;
ac:Muavonf/¤if;wdkYESifhygvmaomt,l0g' wdkYrSmvnf; jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY ,lMuaom or®m'd|dt,lESifh ajzmifhajzmifh
qefYusifMuí ]]þb0rSaovGefvQif b0Zmwfjywfjcif; t,l0g'½Sif bk&m;wdkY\trdefYudk emcHjcif;vQif tqHk;owf
odkYjzpfaomaMumifhvJ a½S;ya0eDrSpí or®m'd|dt,l½SdMuol jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYu ¤if;EdkifiHjcm;om; vlrsdK;wdkYtm;
Aswda&u enf;tm;jzifh ]]rdpäm'd|dvlrsdK;}} [lí ac:a0:cJhMuavonf/
¤if;EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkYaemufrSvnf; EdkifiHjcm;omoemûybkef;BuD;rsm; jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY vdkufygvmMuonf[k
qdkavonf/ ]]EdkifiHjcm; omoemûy yk*¾dKvfwdkYteuf txif½Sm;qHk;aom yk*¾dKvfrSm a'gufwm*s'fqifjzpfí ¤if;yk*¾dKvf
onf c&pfouú&mZf 1813-ckepfu jrefrmEdkifiHodkY a&mufvmonf}} [k od&avonf/
tr&yl&acwf bdk;awmfrif;w&m;vufxufodkY a&mufvmaomtcg a'gufwm*s'fqif paom omoemûy
yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf jrefrmwdkYu ¤if;wdkYtm; ]]rdpäm'd|dvlrsdK;}} [lí ac:a0:aeMuonfudk yaysmufap&ef ]]¤if;wdkYonf
c&pf,mefbmomudk ouf0if,HkMunfMuonfh c&pf,mef vlrsdK;[lí¤if;}} or®m'd|dvlrsdK;[lí 0ifh<um;cJhaom
jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtm;vnf; Ak'¨bmomudk ouf0if,HkMunfMuonfh Ak'¨bmomvlrsdK;}} [lí¤if; uifyGef;wyfcJhMu
1307-ckepfu pufwifyHkESdyfcJhaom OD;cif trnf½Sd yk*¾dKvfûypkonfh ]]Ak'¨bmomqdkwm bmvJ}} pmtkyfü
tNidrf;pm;ta&;ydkifrif; OD;bdk;pa&;onfh pmtkyfa0zefcsuftcef;ü ]]Ak'¨bmom[laompum;onf bdk;awmfrif;w&m;
vufxufavmufupí vlwdkYa0g[m&oHk;pGJcJhaom pum;jzpfonf/ ¤if;pum;udk roHk;pGJrD Ak'¨bmomw&m;ud
k
or®m'd|dw&m; [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJMu\}} [k awGY&avonf/
Ak'¨bmom[laom toHk;tEIef;onf yd#uwfpmaywdkYü¤if;ç a½S;omoem0if &mZ0ifwdkYü¤if; rawGY&acs/
EdkifiHjcm;om; omoemûywdkY jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY a&mufvmumrSom EdkifiHjcm;om; omoemûywdkYu ac:a0:Muojzifh
jzpfay:vmaom pum;cGef;jzpfaMumif; od&avonf/
]]Ak'¨bmom [laom pum;cGef;onf bdk;awmfrif;w&m; vufxufavmufupí ay:aygufvmonf}}[k qdk&
apumrl vloHk;rsm;onfh pum;tjzpfodkYum xdkpOfu ra&mufcJhacs/ ouú&mZf 1247-ckESpfrS onfbuf jrefrmrif;wdkY
r½Sdonfhaemuf jrefrmEdkifiHudk t*FvdyfwdkY tkyfpdk;aomtcg c&pf,mef omoemûywdkY vGwfvyfpGm omoemûyEdkifonfh
tcsdefrSpí Ak'¨bmom [laompum;onf wpwp wGifus,fvmaMumif; od&avonf/
c&pf,mef omoemûywdkYonf jrefrm vlrsdK;wdkYtm; toufarG;0rf;aMumif; ynmudkay;jcif;tm;jzifh omoem
ûyMuavonf/ r[mar'if omoemûywdkYonf jrefrmtrsdK;orD;wdkYESifh vufxyfjcif;tm;jzifh omoem ûyMuavonf/
omoemûywdkY\ pufuGif;odkY wenf;enf;ESifh 0ifrdMuonfh olwdkYutpûyí ]]or®m'd|d}} tpm; ]]Ak'¨bmom}}
[k pwifoHk;pGJ ac:a0:MuaMumif; od&avonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif bmomjcm;wdkYom r[kwfawmhbJ omoemh0efxrf;
&[ef;awmfwdkYonfyifvQif oHk;pGJac:a0:&onfh tajcodkY a&mufaeavawmhonf/
þodkY ]]or®m'd|dw&m;udk Ak'¨bmom}} [k ajymif;vJac:a0:MuonfrSm rrSefuef[k rqdkvdkaomfvnf; xdkodkY
ac:a0:onfh tcsdefrSpí jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif bmomt,l0g'uGJrsm; ysHYESHYvmcJhonfESifhtrQ wrvGefb0 r½Sd[laom
jyóem pwif ay:aygufvmcJhonfudk¤if; rSwfwrf;wif&ef jzpfygonf/
avmu"mwf ynmxGef;um;vmaom þacwfwGif acwfynmwwfyk*¾dKvfwdkYonf rnfonfht&mrqdk
vufawGY jyoEdkifygrSomvQif ,HkMunfcsufusMu\? t,l0g'w&m;wdkYüvnf; taMumif;tusdK; qufpyfír&aom
odkYaMumifhvJ tcsdKYEdkifiHwdkYü rdrdwdkY rd½dk;zvm ouf0if,HkMunfMuonfh t,l0g'w&m;udk taMumif;tusdK;
qufpyfí r&aomaMumifh pGefYypfMuavonf/ ,cktcgwGif bmomr½Sdaom vlrsdK;yifvQif urÇmü½SdaeavNyD/
Ak'¨jrwfbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom or®m'd|dw&m;rSmum; taMumif;tusdK;qufpyf&aom w&m; jzpfay
&m? csOfaomrsdK;aphudk pdkufvQif csOfaomtyifaygufí csOfaom toD;udkpm;&ouJhodkY raumif;aom tvkyfudk
vkyfvQif raumif;aom b0odkYa&mufum raumif;usdK;udk cHpm;&aMumif;udk¤if;? csdKaomrsdK;aph udkpdkufvQif csdKaom
tyifaygufí csdKaomtoD;udk pm&ouJhodkY¤if;? aumif;aomtvkyfudk vkyfvQif aumif;aom b0odkYa&mufum
aumif;usdK;udk cHpm;&aMumif;udk¤if;? wpfwpfcGcG a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;awmfjzpfayonf/
odkYaMumifhyif [efe&D-tufpf-atmfvfaumuf a&;om;tyfaom ]]Ak'¨bmom tar;tajzusrf;}} ed'gef;ü
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfonf ,ckavmuü jzpfysufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
xif½Sm;ap&ef pDrHûyvkyfaom avmuDynmrsm;ESifh wajy;wnf; nDnGwfaMumif;udk trSef rkcs od&ygvdrfhrnf}}[k
tu,fíom Ak'¨jrwfbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmfudk odem;vnfonftxd avhvm qnf;yl;
rdygu qnf;yl;rdolwdkif; ]]tm;udk;tm;xm; ûy&aom w&m;awmf tppf{uefjzpfygayonf}} [k 0efcHMu&ayrnf/
tcsdKYaom olwdkYrSm jynfhpHkvHkavmufpGm rqnf;yl;Mu&aomaMumifh w&m;"r®t,ltqwdkYü ÓPfrrSDMubJ
oHo,wef;vef;jzifh jzpf&onfvnf; ½Sdayonf/
tcsKdYrSm rdrdwdkY\ pdwfxJüauseyfavmufatmif avhvmtm;xkwfcJhMu&apumrl wzufom; em;vnfatif
a[mMum; jyoEdkifonftxd pGrf;tm;r½SdMuapumrl axmufwnf&m &Muonfvnf; ½Sdayonf/
w&m;awmf[lonf vdkufpm;avav us,f0Srf;avav? odvdkonfh tcsuftvufwckckudk avhvm qnf;yl;
avav? odaumif;p&m rsm;pGmaom tcsufwdkY ay:aygufvmavav jzpfay&m? euf½dIif;aom r[mork'´&m udk
uREfkyfwdkYonf or®m'd|dt,l ½SdMuaom rdbwdkYrS bGm;jrifvmMuolrsm; jzpfMuí i,f½G,fpOfuyif jrwfpGm
bk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfonfh w&m;awmfwdkYudk tcsdef&wdkif; avhvmcGifh&aomfvnf; ]]uREfkyfwdkYodtyfNyD;aom
w&m;awmf todrSm ork'´&mudk axmufí Munfhaom ESHpkyfiSufi,f\ todESifh rjcm;vS}}[k xifrdygonf/
vGefcJhaom 1958-ck rwfvqef;avmufu usrf;rma&; csdKYwJhojzifh qE´0yfvrf; a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqG\
aq;wdkufodkY oGm;a&mufíaq;0g;ukocJh&m?a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGonf aq;uk<uvmonfh q&mawmfwdkYESifh w&m;"r®
aqG;aEG;onfhtoHwdkYudk aeYpOfvdkvdk Mum;&ayonf/
a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGonf acwfynmwwf q&m0efBuD;wOD; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rnfhonfhudpö ürqdk
vufawGYjyEdkifrSomvQif ,HkMunfhavh½Sdayonf/ a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGonf rEÅav;ûrdYü t*Fvdyfacwfç *syefacwfwdkYu
xifay: ausmfMum;cJhaom a'gufwm OD;pHMuL;\ om;jzpfí i,f½G,fpOfuyif &[ef;oHCmtm; qnf;uyf vmcJhaom
tjcm;rdwfo*F[wdkYESifh ESD;aESmonfhtcg wzufyk*¾dKvfwdkY auseyfavmufatmif rajymMum;Edkifonfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk
&[ef;oHCmtm; avQmufxm; ar;jref;avh ½SdaMumif; od&ayonf/
vlwdkYu &[ef;awmfwdkYtm; ypönf;av;yg;jzifh axmufyHhí omoemûyMu&\/ &[ef;awmfwdkYu vlwdkYtm;
w&m;awmfjzifh csD;ajr§mufí omoemûyMu&\/ þodkY omoemûyjcif;rSmum; rSefuefaom omoemûyjcif; jzpfay
wpfaeYaomf a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGonf ]]wrvGefb0 ½Sdç r½Sd}}udk q&mawmfBuD; wpfyg;tm; ar;jref;
avQmufxm;avonf/ q&mawmfBuD;uvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm tbd"r®menf;tm;jzifh y|mef;ypönf; qufí ajzMum;
awmfrlonfwdkYudk aq;cef;tjyifü apmifhaeMu&aom uREfkyfwdkY Mum;&ayonf/
a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGrSmum; ygVdoHwdkYjzifh a&m>yrf;aeaom q&mawmfBuD;\ tajzpum;wdkYudk auseyfyHk
r&acs/ uREfkyfwdkYtm; aq;ukoç onfhtvSnfhodkY a&mufaomtcg ]]wrvGefb0 ½Sdç r½Sd}}udk ar;jref; jyefavonf/
apmapmua&;om;cJhonfhtwdkif; Ak'¨w&m;ü ESHpkyfiSufi,f\todESifh rjcm;vSaom todÓPfrQom½Sdonfh
uREfkyfwdkYonf ]]q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;wyg; ajzMum;onfudkyif auseyfrIr&aomoltm; ajzMum;aeygu taMumif;
xl;rnfr[kwf}}[k oabmaygufrdaomaMumifh ]]q&mawmfrsm;udk avQmufxm;MunfhygtHk;rnf}}[k ESpfodrfhcJh&awmh
odkYaomf-þudpöum; rNyD;ao;acs/ ESpf&uf oHk;&uf vGefajrmufaomtcg a'gufwmu jyefí pum;pjyef
onf/ ]]a'gufwm 'Djyóem[m ajzzdkYvG,fulwJh jyóemr[kwfbl;? auseyfavmufatmif ajzMum;EdkifrJhyk*¾dKvf
tawmf½Sm;vdrfhr,fxifw,f/ r[mpnf q&mawmfBuD;udk avQmufxm;Munfh&vQif aumif;vdrfhr,f}}[k ajymygonf/
a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGu aqmif½Gufay;yg[k ajymMum;ojzifh q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;&ygonf/
q&mawmfu ]]rodwm avQmufxm;zdkYu 'umwdkY&JY wm0efbJ? rodwm odatmif ajzMum;bdkYu bkef;BuD;wdkY
avQmufxm;cGifh&aMumif;udk a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGtm; odapaomtcg a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqGonf 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;ompGmjzifh ar;jrefavQmufxm;vdkonfh jyóem 3-&yfudk pmjzifha&;í q&mawmftm; qufuyfavonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;uvnf; bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifhtnD pmjzifha&;om;í ajzMum;awmfrlav&m?
rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;aeaom oltm; vrf;rSefudk nTefjybdouJhodkY¤if;? arSmufxm;tyf aomtdk;udk vSefí jybdouJh
odkY¤if;? arSmifaom wdkufcef;wGif;ü prf;w0g;0g; oGm;aeaom oltm; qDrD;wdkifudk ajr§mufíjybdouJh¤if;? ½Sif;vif;
1958-ckESpf arv 9-&uf paeaeYnaeü a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGESifh q&m0efuawmf a':wifaxG;wdkYonf
uREfkyfwdkYESifhtwl q&mawmfbk&m;\ a½SYarSmufodkY vma&mufMuum q&mawmf ajzMum;ay;oem;awmfrltyfaom
tajzvTmwdkYudk wydk'fpD wydk'fpD zwfí roJuGJonfrsm;udk xyfrHavQmufxm;jyefonf/ q&mawmfbk&m;uvnf;
tus,ft0ifhtm;jzifh ajzMum;awmfrljyefonf/ (þodkYxyfrH ajzMum;awmfrlcsufudk rlvtajzwGif ca&yGifhjyí
pmrsufESmwdkif;\ atmufajcü 14-ydGKifhpmvHk;rsm;jzifh az:jyxm;ygonf/)
2-em&DcefY ar;jrefavQmufxm;NyD;aom tcg a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGonf auseyftm;&vSí Munfvif
½Tifjyaom rsufESmjzifh q&mawmftm; vuftkyfcsDum þodkYavQmufxm;avonf/
]]wynfhawmfwdkYtm; q&mawmfbk&m;u u½kPmw&m; a½SUxm;NyD; tckvdkajzMum;awmfrlonfhtwGuf
wynfhawmfwdkYrSm zHk;xm;aom t&mudk zGifhjyouJhodkY prf;w0g;0g; jzpfaeaom t,ltqrsm; ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;
od&ygNyD bk&m;/ wynfhawmfwdkY tzdkYü t&omwumwdkYxuf aumif;aom t&omudk pm;oHk;&ouJhodkY 0rf;omtm;&
þodkYaom taMumif; tw¬KyÜwfaMumifh þrnfaom b0jyóem pmtkyfonf jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/
þpmtkyfudk bwf½IMuukefaom &[ef; ½Sif vltaygif;wdkYonf b0jyóemESifhpyfí or®m'd|d tjrifrSef
aygufMuum aumif;aom ]]wrvGEfb0}} ewf½Gmok*wdodkY vm;a&mufMuí edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufûy EdkifMuyg
b0jyóem pmtkyfudk 1957-ckESpfu yXrtBudrf 1958-ckESpfu 'kwd,tBudrf aygif; 2-Budrf yHkESdyfcJh
NyD;ygNyD? ,if;yHkESdyfcJhNyD;aom pmtkyfrsm; ukefcJhavojzifh wwd,tBudrf yHkESdyf&ef A[kokwvdkvm;Muonfh trsdK;om;
trsdK;orD;wdkYu tBudrfBudrf awmif;yefMuaomfvJ rSwfyHkwif tcuftcJaMumifh yHkrESdyfjzpfcJhyg/
,ckrl a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGu q&m0ef avmuü ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaom jyóem ig;&yfwdkYudk
aus;Zl;awmf½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;tm; xyfrHar;avQmufjyef&m q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;uvJ owå0g
trsm;tm; u½kPm a½SUxm;awmfrlum ajzMum;awmfrlygaomaMumifh ,if;aemufqufwGJ jyóemig;&yf ar;cGef;
wdkYESifh tajzwdkYyg ylaygif;í þb0jyóem pmtkyfudk jzpfonfhenf;jzifh wwd,tBudrf yHkESdyftyfygonf jyóem
ig;&yfum; q&m0ef avmuüomru wavmuvHk;ü rnfrQta&;wBuD; vdktyfonf rnfonfh jyóemwdkY
jzpfonfudk A[kokwvdkvm; trsdK;aumif;om; trsdK;aumif;orD;wdkY þb0jyóem pmtkyf aemufqufwGJü zwf½I
pum;yv’i
f
a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqG\ ar;jref;avQmufxm;csufrsm;rSm tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh atmufyg 3-csufyif jzpfonf/
1/ b0wckrS aooGm;aom owå0gwOD;onf b0opfü y#doaE¨wnfvsuf rnfuJhodkYwzef jzpfygoenf;/
2/ a&m*gjzpfyGm;apaom a&m*gydk;rTm;uav;rsm;onf ygPwdygwuHt&mü ygPrnfaom touf0dnmOf½Sd
3/ aoG;wdk;a&m*g ponf jzpfjcif;ESifh xl;jcm;pGm touf½SnfMujcif;wdkYrSm tb,ftaMumif;rsm;aMumifh
txufygar;cGef; 3-csufrSm t|uxmwdkYü ajymjy&ef cufonf-[k qdkxm;aom tcufBuD; 4-rsdK;ESifh
pyfqdkifvsuf½Sd\/ ¤if;tcufBuD; 4-rsdK;rSm-
4/ taMumif;tusdK;qufí jzpfyHk y#dpö orkyÜg'f taMumif;? þ 4-yg;wdkYyif jzpfonf/
txufyg tcuftcJrsm;ESifh a'gufwmOD;jrifhaqG\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk pyf[yfMunfhvQif atmufygtwdkif;
trSwf 1-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 3-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
trSwf 2-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 2-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
trSwf 3-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 4-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
okdYjzpfí ar;cGef; 3-csufvHk;yif oabmus auseyfavmufatmif ajzqdk&efcuffcJaom t&mcsnf;
jzpfonfjhyif? vufawGY om"ursm;ESifhvnf; ESD;aESmí ½Sif;vif;jy&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh omíyif cufcJvsuf½Sd\/
xdkYaMumifh þt&mü atmufygtcsufudk a½S;OD;pGm av;av;eufeuf ESvHk;oGif;xm;apvdkyg\/ ¤if;rSm-
a½S;acwfu omrefvlrsm; rawGYjrifEdkifcJhaom t&mrsm;udk ,ckacwfvlwdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGY jzpfaeMu\/
xdkYtwl ,ckacwfvlwdkY rawGYjrifEdkifaom t&mrsm;udkvnf; aemifacwfvlwdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGY jzpfMuayOD;rnf/
a½S;acwfuvnf; ¤if;wdkYudk rsufjrifudk,fawGUjzpfol yk*¾dKvfxl;awG½SdEdkifonf[laom tcsufyif jzpfonf/
(ar;cGef;ESifh tajzrsm;udk wykd'fpDyl;wGJí jyqdkoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/)
ar;/ /(u) 0,"r®m ocFg&m tyÜrma'e or®ma'x-[laom bk&m;½Sif\ w&m;awmft& ]]jzpfwwfaom
ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif; oabm½Sdukef\}} qdkonfhtwdkif; ½kyfw&m;ysufvQif emrfw&m;vnf; ysufpD;onfudk
]]aooGm;aom owå0gwOD;onf ½kyfa&memrfyg ysufpD;oGm;NyDjzpfygvsuf xdkowå0gonf aemufb0wckü
ajz/ /(u) vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500-ausmf umvu avmuü yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhaom Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf owå0gwdkY jzpfpOfb0rsm;udk udk,fwdkifawGY odjrifNyD;vQif xkwfaz: a[mMum;xm;cJh\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ½kyfemrf
ESpfyg;vHk; ½Sdaomb0ç ½kyfoufoufom ½Sdaomb0ç emrfoufoufom ½Sdaomb0 [lí 3-rsdK;½Sd\/
xdkwGif ½kyfoufouf ½Sdaomb0ESifh emrfoufouf ½Sdaomb0wdkYudk bm0emenf;jzifhom udk,fawGY odEdkif
onf/ ½kyfü prf;oyfaom enf;rsdK;jzifhum; awGYodEdkif&ef taMumif;r½Sday/ odkYaomfvnf; emrfoufoufom½Sdaom
b0ü pdwfjzpfae[efudk qifjcifMunfhvQif pdwfemrf\ pGrfm;tm;owådrsm; ay:vmEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh qifjcif
MunfhEdkif&ef tenf;i,f azmfjytHh/ xdkemrfoufoufb0ü pdwfemrfonf y#doaE¨rS pkwdwdkifatmif pdwfwckNyD;wck
rSD&mwnf&m[lí wpGef;wp bmrQr½dSdacs/ odkYaomfvnf; ysufoGm;aom a½S;a½S;pdwf\ t[keftpGrf;aMumifh
aemufaemuf pdwfrsm; rjywfqufí jzpfae\/þae&mü ta&;BuD;aom udpöwckudk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf BuHpnfaecdkufrSm
Mum;p&m oHawG ½Sdaeaomfvnf; Mum;aompdwf rjzpfay:&bJ BuHpnfaompdwfcsnf;om qufvufjzpfaewwf
onfudk axmufMunfhvQif a½S;a½S;pdwft[kef xufjrufyHkudk oabmaygufEdkif\/ odkYjzpfí emrfoufoufom½Sdaom
b0ü raorDrSmvnf; a½S;a½S;pdwf\ t[kefoufoufaMumifh aemufaemufpdwfrsm; jzpfaeyHkudk oabmaygufEdkifvQif
xdkb0rS aooGm;aomtcgüvnf; aemufb0ü rSD&m½Sdonfjzpfap? r½Sdonfjzpfap? a½S;b0updwf\ t[kefaMumifh
yifvQif aemufb0rSm y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfEdkifonfudk oabmusbdkY½Sd\/ þonfum; pdwfemrfw&m;\ pGrf;&nf
owådudk csifhcsdefEdkif&ef ]t>rufrQ} azmfjyjcif;aywnf;/
aooGm;aomowå0grSm ½kyfa&memrfyg ysufpD;oGm;aomfvnf; aocgeD;u pGJvrf;cJhaom a½S;pdwfrsm;\
tpGrf;aMumifh aemufb0 Xmeü pdwftopfpyfvsuf jzpfoGm;jyef\/ ¤if;udk y#doaE¨pdwf[kac:onf/ jzpfyHkrSm-
aocgeD;odkY a&mufaeaom owå0gonf rdrdûyxm;bl;aom aumif;rIuH raumif;rIuH wckckudkjzpfapç
xdkuHudk ûypOfu awGYêuHcJh&aom tm½Hkudkjzpfapç jzpfaprnfh aemifb0u tajctaeudk jzpfap? xifjrifpGJvrf;vsuf
½Sdae\/ xdktm½Hkudk tvdkr½Sdaomfvnf; xdktcgrsdK;rSm y,fazsmufír&/ xdkYaMumifh aocgeD;ü rdef;armawGa0aeaom
olwdkYwGif wcsdKYrSm wpHkwckudk ûyvkyfaeouJhodkY¤if;ç wcsdKYrSm 0rf;omp&m aysmf½Tifp&mrsm;ESifh awGYaeouJhodkY¤if;ç
wcsdKYrSm aMumufvefYp&m ab;&efrsm;ESifh awGYaeouJhodkY¤if;ç xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfaeonfudk teD;tyg;½Sd vlrsm;u
xif½Sm;awGU&avonf/ wcsdKYrSmrdef;arm awGa0&mu jyefvnfowd&aomtcg ]]b,fvdkvlu ac:oGm;onf? b,f
ae&mudk a&mufoGm;onf? b,fvdk[mawGudk awGYcJh&onf}} ponfjzifhvnf; jyefvnfí
þodkYaom tm½Hkedrdwfwckckudk pGJvrf;,if;yif aemufqHk;pkwdpdwfuav; csKyfysufvsuf aooGm;\/ aoç
qdkonfrSmvnf; ,ckBuHodvdkufonfh pdwfuav;wck ukefqHk;oGm;jcif;rsdK;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,ckBuHodaeaom
a½S;a½S;pdwfrsm; ukefqHk;oGm;wdkif; xdkpdwfrsm;\ t[kefaMumifh aemufaemuf pdwfrsm; rjywfqufpyfum jzpfae
ouJhodkY pkwdpdwfuav; jywfpJoGm;onfESifh wûydifeuf aocgeD;u pGJvrf;cJhonfh tm½Hkudkyif qufvufxifjrifvsuf
b0opfXmeü pdwftopf píjzpfay:vm\/ ¤if;udk a½S;b0ESifh qufpyfí jzpfaomaMumifh y#doaE¨pdwf[k ac:onf/
þt&mü a½S;b0u pGJvrf;cJh&mudk qufvufí xifjrifyHkrSm tdyfruf txl;tqef;udk jrifruf&mu Edk;vmaom
olonf xdktdyfrufudkyif qufvuf pOf;pm;aeonfESifhvnf; wl\/ tdyf&mu xvmaomtcg ûyvkyf&ef BuH½G,f
xm;aom t&mudk tdyf&mrS Edk;vmaomtcg jyefvnfowd&onfESifhvnf; wl\/ þy#doaE¨pdwfonf ½kyf½Sdaom
bHkXmeü jzpfvmvQif ol\wnf&mrSD&m ½kyfrsm;vnf; uHaMumifh olESifhtwl wygwnf;yif jzpfay:vmMu\/ þodkY
y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:vmvQif aemufumvrsm;ü odp&mç xdp&mç Mum;p&mç jrifp&mtm½Hkrsm;udk odvsufç xdvsufç
Mum;vsufç jrifvsuf pdwftrsdK;rsdK;wdkYonfvnf; xdkufonf tm;avsmfpGmjzpfukef\/ þonfum; owå0gaoNyD;
aemuf b0opfü jzpfvmyHk tusOf;csKyfaywnf;/
ar;/ / (c) owå0gwpfOD;onf rdrdukodkvfuHtavsmuf wzefjyefí vljzpfvmonf[k Ak'bmom
w&m;awmft& qdk&mü trd0rf;wGif;0,f rnfuJhodkY oaE¨wnfygoenf;/
(acwfynm aq;usrf;t& avQmufxm;&ygrl owå0g wOD;wa,mufonf aooGm;NyD;aemuf b0wckodkY
jyefíjzpfjcif;½Sdonf[k rqdkyg/ odkYaomf oaE¨wnfaeyHkudk jyqdk&mürl trdESifhtb oH0goqufpyf&mwGif aq;ynm
tvdktm;jzifh tb\okwfü yg0ifaom ig;zavmif;ESifh oP²mefwlaom pygr,fwdkZGm (Spermatozoa)ac: taumif
uav;rsm;onf okwfESifhtwl oef;aygif;rsm;pGm touf½Sifvsuf vl;vmul;,SufNyD;vQif trdt*FgwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf
xdkokwf&nfxJrS taumifaygif; rsm;pGmwdkYonf rdcif\ tdkaA&D (Ovary)ac: rsdK;aphtdrfrS tdkAm (Ova)
qdkonfh tpdwftydkif;wck qif;vmonfhtcdkufESifh êuHêudufaomtcg wckaomtdkAmudk oef;aygif;rsm;pGm ½Sdaom pygr,fwdkZGm (Spermatozoa)wdkYteuf waumifaom pygr,fwdkZGmuomvQif z,fvdkyD,efêu (Fallopian Tube)
ac: om;tdrfaMum twGif;0,f aygif;pyf&ygonf/ xdkodkY aygif;pyfNyD;rS jzpfvmaom tpdwftydkif;onf oaE¨OD; tp
xdkoaE¨OD;tponf wzef om;tdrf½Sd&mbufodkY jyefíqif;vm&ygonf/ om;tdrftwGif;odkY a&mufaom
tcg om;tdrf\ rsufESmusuf twGif;odkY wdk;0ifNyD; taumiftxnfjzpfum zGm;jrifonfh wdkifatmif ¤if;ae&mrSmyif
ajz/ /(c) vlUb0 trd0rf;üy#doaE¨wnfyHkudk ygVdusrf;*efwdkYü atmufygtwdkif; jyxm;\/
1/ rmwmydwa&m p oEédywdwm a[mEÅd? rdbESpfOD;wdkY
2/ rmwm p OwkeD a[mwd? rdcifrSmvnf; Owkyef;
3/ *E¨aAÁm p ypöKy|dawm a[mwd? oli,favmif; jzpfol
{0H wdPÖH oEédygwm *AÇó0uúEÅd a[mwd-
þodkY t*FgoHk;yg; nDnGwfvQif udk,f0efoaE¨wnfonf/ (r? 1-332)
txufyg t*Fg oHk;yg;wdkYwGif trSwf (1) t*FgrSm taemufEdkifiH q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYrsm;ç aq;usrf;
rsm;ESifh nDaeaomaMumifh txl;ajym&ef rvdkNyD/
trSwf (2) Owkyef;yGifhonf[k qdkaom t*FgrSm ,ckacwf taemufEdkifiH q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYESifh
&uftenf;i,f uGmaeouJhodkY ½Sd\/ odkYaomfvnf; tdkaA&D (Ovary)ac: om;OtdrfrS tdkAm (Ova)ac: om;O
usqif;jcif;onf Owkyef;yGifhNyD;aom tcgüomjzpf\/ Owkyef; ryGifhaom t½G,fra&mufao;olç t½G,fvGefolwdkYü
rjzpf? t½G,f½Sdolyif jzpfaomfvnf; Owkyef;ryGifholwdkYü trsm;tm;jzifh rjzpf[laom þtcsufrSm wlnDrnfom/
xdkYjyif tdkAmac:om;O usqif;onfh tcsdefumvudk omrefvlwdkY rodEdkif/ taemufwdkif; q&m0efwdkY odMuonf
rSmvnf; tESpf (300)xuf Mumjrifh[ef rwlao;? bk&m;vufxuf ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmf umvurl xdktaMumif;
udk aq;q&mrsm;yif trsm;tm;jzifh odMu[efrwlay/ xdkYaMumifh trsm;urodaom xdktdkAmusqif;csdefudk jrwfpGm
bk&m;u owfrSwfí a[mvQif xdkpum;udk em;vnfEdkifMurnf r[kwf/ ]]Owkyef; yGifhNyD;vQif y#doaE¨ wnfEdkifonf}}
[laom tcsufudkum; a½S;a½S;umvuyif txift½Sm; odaeMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]vltrsm; em;vnfaeaom Owkyef;
yGifhjcif;jzifhyif owfrSwfí a[mxm;onf}}[k ,lqvQif ,ckacwf q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYESifhvnf; nDnGwfonf
om/ þt&mü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfrSm aq;uk&ef r[kwfaomaMumifh tao;pdwftm;jzifh twdtus a[m&ef
rvdkonfudk¤if;ç twdtus a[mcJhapumrl y#doaE¨wnfrIESifhpyfí &[ef;rsm;rSm q&m0efwdkY\ enf;rsdK;jzifh
vufawGY prf;oyfoifjy&ef rjzpfEdkifonfudk¤if; xnfhoGif;í pOf;pm;oifh\/
]]oli,favmif;uvnf; toifh½Sdaeonf}}[k qdkaom trSwf (3) t*Fgü ]]rdbESpfOD;wdkY oH0goûyaeqJrSmyif
toifh½Sdae&rnf}} [líum; qdkvdkonfr[kwf? trSeftm;jzifhrlum; trSwf (1-2) t*Fgrsm;t& oaE¨om;jzpf&ef
toifh½Sdaeaom umvtwGif;rSm xdkrdcif\0rf;ü jzpfxdkufaom olu b0a[mif;rS pkawvmcJhjcif;udkom qdkvdk
xdkoli,favmif;onf pygr,fwdkZGm (Spermatozoa) ac: okwfydk;\udk,fxJü jzpfcJhoavm/ tdkAm (Ova)
ac: om;OxJü jzpfcJhoavm/ odkYr[kwf ¤if;ESpfrsdK;wdkY aygif;pyfNyD;aom om;rsdK;½kyfxJü jzpfcJhoavm[k pDppfzG,f
½Sd\/ xdkwGif okwfydk;\udk,fxJü jzpfcJhvQif tbudkomrSD&ma&muf\/ om;OxJü jzpfcJhvQif trdudkom rSD&ma&muf
\/ xdkESpfrsdK;vHk;u roifh/ xdkYaMumifh ]]rmwmaywåduorÇa0g? rdbwdkY\ okwfaoG;udk rSDí jzpfonf}} [laom
oDvuef ygVd ponfESifhtnD ]]okwfydk;ESifhom;O aygif;pyfNyD;aom om;rsdK;½kyfxJü jzpfonf}}[k rSwftyf\/ þygVdü
]]trd\ aoG;[lonfrSm trdrSjzpfaom tdkAmac: om;Oyif}}[k rSwftyf\/ xdky#doaE¨ wnfEdkifaom umvudk
t|uxmü atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfjyqdk xm;\/
oka'¨ 0w¬KrSd rmwmydwlok {u0g&H oEédywd awok ,m0
om;tdrfü OwkaoG; pifMu,faomtcg rdbESpfOD;wdkY wBudrf oH0goûyxm;vQif ckepf&ufywfvHk; oaE¨wnf
,ckacwf taemufwdkif; q&m0efwdkY\ prf;oyfcsuft&tm;jzifh ]]vl\okwfydk;rsm;rSm om;OESifh raygif;pyfrd
vQif (4) em&DrQMumaomtcg aoukefMuonf}} [lí¤if;? ]]36-em&DMumaomtcg aoukefMuonf}} [lí¤if;?
]]ESpf&uf oHk;&ufMumaomtcg aoukefMuonf}} [lí¤if;? jyqdkxm;onfudk awGY&\/ xdkaMumifh ¤if;jyqdkcsufrsm;ESifh
t|uxmtqdkudk ESD;aESmí,lvdkufvQif ]]tb\okwfonf trd\om;OESifh em&Dtenf;i,fwGif; aygif;pyfrdí jzpfapç
tvGefqHk; 3-&uftwGif; aygif;pyfrdí jzpfap? oH0goûyNyD;onfrSaemuf ckepf&uftwGif; y#doaE¨ wnfEdkifonf}}[k
txufyg jyqdkcsufrsm;udk omíxif½Sm;ap&ef bk&m;tavmif; y#doaE¨wnfyHkudk xkwfjyOD;tHh/
y#doE¨ð *PSaEÅm ye tmomV§dykPÖrm,H Owå&m
oV§euawåe t*¾a[od/ w'g ud& r[mrm,m yka& ykPÖrm,
owår'd0oawm y|m, 0d*w ok&mygeH rmvm*E¨m'd
0dblwdorÜEéH euwåuDVH tEkb0rmemowåar 'd0ao ygawm
0k|m, *aE¨m'aue e[m,dwGm oAÁmvuFm& 0dblodwm
0&abmZeH bkOödwGm Oaygox*Fged t"d|m, od&d *AÇH y0dodwGm
od&do,ae edyEém ed'´H Mouúrrmem £'H okydeH t'´o/ (r-|
4-124)/ 'D-|2-23- rSmvnf; tvm;wljyqdkvsuf½Sd\/
y#doaE¨ pGJ,laom bk&m;avmif;awmfonf 0gqdkvjynfhaeY nOfhoef;aumif tcsdefü Owå&moef euwfESifh
,SOfvsufpGJ,l\/ xdkpOftcgu r,fawmfrm,monf 0gqdkvqef; 9-&ufaeYrS pí yef;eYHom ponfjzifh tvSty
jyifqifvsuf aot&ufaomufjcif; rygaom aysmfyGJupm;jcif;udk ûyvkyfcHpm;vsuf ckepf&ufajrmufjzpfaom 0gqdk
vjynfhaeYü eHeufapmapmuyif tdyf&mrSxum eHYoma&jzifh a&csdK;NyD;vQif tvHk;pHkaom tqifwefqmwdkYjzifh
qif,ifvsuf aumif;jrwfaom pm;bG,fudk pm;NyD;vQif Oykoft*FgwdkYudk aqmufwnfí usufoa&½Sdaom
wdkufcef;odkY 0ifum usufoa&½Sdaom tdyf&mü avsmif;vsuf tdyfaysmfaepOfrSm (oaE¨wnfaMumif;udkjyaom) þ
txufyg t|uxmü ]]bk&m;tavmif; r,fawmfonf 0gqdkvqef; 9-&ufaeYrSpí vqef; 14-&ufaeY
nOfhwdkifatmifaysmfyGJupm;cJhonf/ vjynfhaeYrSm OykofapmifhoHk;aeonf/ ¤if;nOfh oefaumiftcsdefrSm bk&m;tavmif;
y#doaE¨pGJuyfwnfaeonf}}[k qdkaom tcsufudk txl;owdûytyf\/
xdkwGif ]]aysmfyGJcHpOf 6-&uftwGif;ü Oykofrapmifhao;aomaMumihf bk&m;avmif;\ crnf;awmfESifh qufqHrI
½SdEdkif\/ okdYaomf xdk&ufrsm;twGif;u y#doaE¨ rwnfcJhao;/ Ak'¨usrf;*ef a0g[m&tm;jzifh rsdK;aphokwf"mwfrsm;?
q&m0efwdkY\ a0g[m&tm;jzifh pygr,fwdkZGmac: okwfydk;rsm;rSmrl xdk&ufrsm;twGif;uyif r,fawmf\ 0rf;wdkufü
udef;atmif;vsuf½Sdonf}}[k odtyf\/ Oykofaqmufwnfaom eHeuftcsdefrSpí y#doaE¨wnfaom nOfhoefaumif
tcsdefwdkifatmif 18-em&DcefY½Sdrnf/ xdk 18-em&DcefYtwGif;rSmjzpfap? xdkxufapmapm tcsdefem&Drsm;twGif;ujzpfap?
ygVdusrf;*ef a0g[m&tm;jzifh aomPdw (aoG;) q&m0efwdkY\ a0g[m&tm;jzifh tdkAm(om;O)onf r,fawmf\
om;OtdrfüuscJhí crnf;awmf\ okwfydk;ESifh aygif;pyfrdNyD; jzpf&rnf/ xdkESpfyg;pHk aygif;pyfNyD;jzpfaom oaE¨rsdK;
½kyfxJü bk&m;tavmif;\ arwåma½SUoGm;½Sdaom ukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom um,'ouç bm0'ouç 0w¬K'ou
ac: uvmyf 3-pD; ½kyfaygif; 30-ESifhwuG bk&m;tavmif;\ y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:cJhonf[lí¤if;? wnfrSD&m
jzpfaom okwfaoG;ESpfOD;pyf om;rsdK;½kyfESifhwuG uvmyf 3-pD; ½kyfaygif; 30-udk uvva&Munf½kyf ac:onf
txufygbk&m;tavmif; y#doaE¨wnfyHkudk axmufqí trd0rf;ü y#doaE¨wnfaomtcsdefudk þodkY
pmrsufESm (29) tajzüjycJhaom y#doaE¨wnfjcif;\ t*Fg 3-yg;wdkYwGif rdbESpfOD; oH0goûyjcif;[laom
yXr t*Fgjzifh rsdK;aphokwfydk; &jcif;udkom jy\/ xdktcdkufrSmyif oaE¨wnfonf[líum; rqdkvdk/ rdcifrSm Owk
yef;yGifhonf [laom 'kwd,t*Fgjzifh OwkaoG;pifNyD;aemuf om;O&½Sdjcif;udkom jy\/ xdkOwkyef; yGifhqJrSmyif
oaE¨rsdK; ½kyfa&Munftjzpfü wnfaepOftwGif; xdkrdcif\0rf;ü jzpfxdkufaom owå0gu b0a[mif;rS aovmonfh
þt&mü oaE¨wnfí BuD;xGm;vmyHkudk Ak'¨w&m;awmft& tm;jzifh¤if;? ,ckacwf aq;ynmt&tm;jzifh¤if;
tusOf;csKyf xkwfazmfvsuf ESD;aESmjyOD;tHh/
Ak'¨bmom w&m;awmft& oaE¨wnfNyD; BuD;yGm;vmyHk
(1) yXrH uvvH a[mwd? a½S;OD;pGm uvva&Munf jzpfay:vmonf/
(2) uvvm a[mwd tAÁK'H? uvv a&MunfrS tom; aq;&nfta&mif½Sdaom
(3) oAÁK'g Zm,aw ayod? tjr§KyfrSûiyf&nfESpfuJhodkY om;wpfjzpfonf/
(4) ayod edAÁwåaw Caem? om;wpfrS tpdkiftcJ jzpfvmonf/
(5) Cem yomcg Zm,EÅd? tpdkiftcJrS acgif;ç vufç ajcç cufr ig;ck jzpfvmonf/
(6) auom avmrm emcgydp? qHyifç tarG;ç ajconf;ç vufonf;rsm;vnf; jzpfvmMuonf/ (oH 1-208)
txufygrSm ]]uav;oli,fonf trd0rf;wGif;ü udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif; tjynfhtpHk wûydifeuf jzpfay:
vmonf}}[k t,lrSm;aomoltm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u ajz½Sif;a[mjyaom w&m;awmf jzpfonf? þw&m;awmfü
umvva&Munfu &ufaygif;rnfrQ tjr§Kyfu &ufaygif;rnfrQ ponfjzifh tydkif;tjcm;ryg? jzpfpOf oufoufudkom
t|uxmwdkYüum; ]]uvva&Munf (7) &uf? tjr§Kyf (7) &uf? om;wpf (7) &uf? tpdkiftcJ (7) &uf?
cufr ig;ck (7) &uf}}[k &ufowåig;ywfjzifh owfrSwfjyNyD;vQif ]]qHyifç tarT; ponfwdkYrSm &ufowå (42)ywfü
jzpfMuukefonf}}[k jyqdkxm;\/ ypädrb0du bk&m;tavmif;awmfuJhodkY 10-v y#doaE¨ ae&aomoludk &nfí 42-
1/ &ufowåywf 3-ywfwdkifatmif om;Oonf om;tdrfü rwG,f
rdao;? pwkw¬ywfrSm om;tdrfü wG,frdonf/ om;OrSm yuwd
rsufpdjzifh aumif;pGm rjrifEdkifatmif tvGefao;i,fvsuf ½Sdao;
2/ yOörywftwGif;rSm ausm½dk;quf ig;ckrS½Spfcktxdjzpfvmonf/
om;aumif\t½SnfrSm wvufr\ 12-yHk 1-yHk ½Sdonf/
3/ q|rywftprSm OD;acgif;yHkoP²mefay:vmonf/ ¤if;rSmvnf;
udk,fydkif;xuf BuD;vsuf½Sd\/ ESvHk;om;udkvnf; awGYjrifEdkif
\/ ¤if;q|rywftukefrSm ausm½dk;tukef jynfhpHkonf/
ajcvufrsm;xGufay:p ûyvsuf½Sd\/ rsufvHk; jzpfrnfhae&m
ta&cGHrsm;wGif edrfhcGufvm\/ udk,ft½Snf wvufr\
4/ owårywfrSm &ifbuf 0rf;Adkuf tjynfhtpHkjzpfvmonf/
ajcacsmif; vufacsmif;rsm; ay:vGifpûyvmonf/ rsufvHk;rsm;
jywfom;xif½Sm;vmonf/ udk,ft½Snf vufr0uf½Sd\/
5/ t|rywfrSm rsufESm t*Fgrsm; ay:vGifvsuf½Sdonf/ em;½Guf
rsm;vnf; xGufay:vmonf/ udk,ft½Snf wvufr\ ½SpfyHk
6/ e0rywfrSm udk,ft½Snf wvufrESifh ig;yHkwyHk½Sdonf/
7/ 3-vtukef 13-ywfcGJrSm vufacsmif; ajcacsmif;rsm; jynfh0
vsuf vufonf; ajconf;rsm; aygufvmonf/ em;½Gufrsm;
jynfh0vsuf ½Sdonf/ vdift*Fgrsm; xif½Sm;vmonf/ udk,f
8/ 4-vtukef 18-ywfrSm uav;vIyf½Sm;onfudk rdcifawGY
&onf/ ESvHk;ckefonfudkvnf; Mum;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh xdk
tcgrSm q&m0efwdkYu uav;touf0ifonf[k todtrSwf
ûyMuonf/ uav;\ wudk,fvHk;rSm arT;n§if;Ek uav;rsm;
jynfhvsuf½Sdonf/ rsufcHk;arT; rsufawmifarT;rsm;vnf;
aygufvmonf/ udk,ft½Snf ½SpfvufrcGJ½Sdonf/
9/ 5-vtukef 22-ywfcGJrSm qHyifrsm; aygufvmonf/ udk,f
t½Snf 12-vufr½Sdonf/ arG;vQif rdepf tenf;i,frQom
touf½Sifrnf/ rnfonfhtcgrQ tzwftwifEdkif/
10/ 6-vtukef 27-ywfrSm rsufvHk;rsm; yGifhvmonf/ udk,f
t½Snf 14-vufr½Sdonf/ arG;vQif em&D tenf;i,fom
11/ 7-v tukef 31-ywfwGif arG;aom uav;rSm touf
½Sif&ef taMumif;toifhtwifh½Sdonf/ udk,ft½Snf 19vufr
12/ 8-vtukef 35-ywfü arG;aomuav;rSm touf½Sif&ef
taMumif;rsm;pGm ½Sdonf/ 8-vzGm;uav; toufr½Sif[kqdk
aom a½S;t,l0g' rSm;onf/ udk,ft½Snf 18vufr ½Sdonf/
13/ 9-vtukef &ufowåywf 40-rSm aeYaphvaphjzpfonf/
txufygrSm ,ckacwf aq;ynmt& rdcifESifh y#doaE¨ac: pmtkyfü azmfjyxm;aom oaE¨om; BuD;yGm;yHk
oaE¨wnfonfESifhwNydKifeuf touf0ifygovm;
ar;/ /(*) aemufqHk; "r®wm ay:vmNyD;onfhaemuf aemufwBudrf "r®wmay:rnfh&ufwGif "r®wm
rvmaomtcg oaE¨om;onf wv½SdNyD[k rSwf,l&onf/
oaE¨ av;vajrmufaomtcg om;tdrftwGif;ü ½Sdaom oaE¨om;onf vIyf½Sm;pûyí vmonfudkyif
acwfynmt& touf0ifonf[k qdkygonf/ ]]Ak'¨ w&m;awmft&rl oaE¨wnfonfESifh wûydifeuf ½kyfa&memrfyg
wnfonf[k qdkojzifh oaE¨wnfonfESifh wûydifeuf touf½Sdonf}}[k qdk&ma&mufygonf/ acwfynm aq;usrf;
t& oaE¨om; av;vajrmufaomtcg oaE¨om;\ ESvHk;om; vIyf½Sm;onfhtoHudk rdcif\Adkufay:rSaeí em;axmif
aq;ynmt& ]]rrf;r,fvf (Mam Mal)ac: ausm½dk;½Sdaom owå0grSeforQwdkYonf tzdkESifhtr oH0go
oH0goûyonfwdkifatmifvnf; tcsdKYtzdkrsm;wGif pygr,fwdkZGmac: taumifuav;rsm; okwfa&wGif;ü vHk;0
rMumrDu tdE´d,jynf 0efBuD;csKyf *s0g[vmae½l;onf oaE¨wm;qD;a&;udk ta&;wBuD; vHIYaqmfaeygonf/
oaE¨ wm;qD;a&;twGuf aq;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ,cktcg ay:aygufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ xdkaq;rsm;udk toHk;ûyygu
oaE¨wnfEdkifonfh okwfaoG;wGif yg½Sdaom pygr,fwdkZGmwdkY aoaMuysufpD;ukefygonf/ odkYygaomaMumifh-
Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ]]oaE¨wnfonfESifhwûydifeuf touf0ifonf}}[k¤if;? acwfynm aq;usrf;t& ]]av;v
ajrmufrS touf0ifonf}} [k¤if;? uGJvGJaeonfudk rnfuJhodkY nd§EdIif;,loifhygoenf;/
ajz/ /(*) tajz (c) yg Ak'¨w&m;awmfu jyqdkcsufESifh aq;ynmt& jyqdkcsufwdkYudk ESD;aESmMunfhvQif
w&m;awmfu oaE¨½kyf BuD;yGm;vmyHkudk tpydkif;ü ]]uvvç tAÁK'ç ayodç Ce}}[k 4-qifh jyxm;\/ aq;ynmt&
xdkuJhodkY jyxm;onfudk rawGY&aomfvnf; oabmtm;jzifh wlnDbG,f½Sd\/ xdkYtjyif w&m;awmfu CerS acgif;ç
vufç ajcç cufrig;ck ay:vmonfqdkaom pum;ESifh aq;ynmu q|rywf tpü acgif;ay:vmonf/ q|rywf
tukefrSm vufç ajcrsm; ay:vmonf[k jyqdkcsufrSm nDnGwfvsuf½Sd\ ]]yOörywfü cufrig;ckay:vmonf}}[k
qdkaom t|uxmrSmrl aq;ynmu jyqdkcsufESifh tenf;i,f uGJvGJouJhodkY ½Sd\/ okdYaomfvnf; yOörywf tqHk;ESifh
q|rywftprSm wqufwnf;yif jzpfaomaMumifh eD;pyfvsufyif½Sd\/ yOörywftwGif;uyif rodrom jzpfpûyvm onfvnf; jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh tawmftwef nDnGwfonf [líom qdkoifh\/ þpmtkyf 40-wGif (Eden and Holland's Manual of Obsfefrics)rS ul,lazmfjyxm;aom yHkrsm;t&qdkvQif tuGJtjym;r½Sd nDnGwf[ef vuPm
½Sd\/ aoaocsmcsm uGJvGJaeaom tcsufrSm touf0dnmOfay:vmaom tcsdefyif jzpfonf/ ¤if;udkvnf; atmufyg
pdwf0dnmOfonf tvGefodrfarGY\ yuwd rsufpdjzifh¤if;? rSefbDvl;jzifh¤if; Munfhí rjrifEdkif? tbdÓPfç
0dyóemÓPf paom ynmrsufpdjzifhomvQif jrifodEdkifayonf/ xdkYaMumifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u ynmrsufpdjzifh
odawmfrlonfhtwkdif; ]]rdbwdkY\okwfaoG; OwkESifhwuG ur®Z½kyf (30) [laom uvv a&Munf½kyfxJrSmyif
y#doaE¨ 0dnmOfpí jzpfonf}}[k a[mxm;ayonf/ xdkpOftcgrSm okwfydk;tcdkufuuJhodkY vIyf½Sm;&ef vdkonfhtcg
vnf; r[kwf? vIyf½Sm;jcif;rSmvnf; pdwfa&m½kyfyg ESpfyg;pvHk; tm;½Sdonfhtcgüom jzpfEdkifonf/ tm;r½Sdao;pOf
tcgü rdef;arm awGa0aeaom oluJhodkYyif rvIyf½Sm;Edkif? uvv a&Munfpaom oli,f\ ½kyfrSm rdef;arm awGa0ae
ol\ ½kyfxufyif odrfarGYvsuf tm;enf;ao;\/ xdkYaMumifh av;vtwGif;ü touf0dnmOf½Sdaomfvnf; rvIyfbJ
½SdcJhayonf/ q&m0efwdkYrSmrlum; oli,f\ tvGefodrfarGUaom xdky#doaE¨pdwf0dnmOf udk¤if;? vlBuD;wpfa,muf\
xdkrQavmuf rodrfarGYaom pdwf0dnmOfudk¤if;? rnfonfh pdwf0dnmOfudkrQ rawGUrjrifEdkifMu? ½kyftrlt&mudkomvQif
awGYjrifEdkifMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]uav;oli,f\ vIyf½Sm;jcif; ESvHk;ckefjcif; udkomvQif taxmuftxm;ûyí av;v½SdrS
touf0ifonf}}[k owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ xdkowfrSwfcsufudkvnf; pdppfMunfhoifhao;\/ touf0ifonfESifh
wûydifeufyif vIyf½Sm;oavm/ odkYr[kwf ]]touf0ifNyD;aemuf puúefY rdepf rnfrQMumrS vIyf½Sm;oenf;}}[k pdppf
Munfhoifh\/ xdkodkY pdppfMunfhvQif twdtus ajymqdk&ef cJ&if;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]vIyf½Sm;rS touf0ifonf[k
,lqcsufudk wdusrSefuefNyD}}[k rqdkEdkif/
xdkYjyif pdwf½Tifvef;vQif ½kyf½Tifvef;\ pdwfñdI;EGrf;vQif ½kyfñdI;EGrf;\/ xdkYaMumifh av;vrjynfhrDu oaE¨½kyf
ü ½Tefvef;rIç ñdI;EGrf;rI tajymif;tvJudk prf;oyf Munfhjcif;jzifh xdkpOfumvu pdwf0dnmOf½Sdç r½Sdudk qHk;jzwfEdkif&m\/
,ck acwfü xdk½kyf tajymif;tvJudk rjrifEdkifao;vQif aemifwacwfü jrifEdkifolwdkY ay:vmbG,f ½Sd\/
xdkYjyif (1) rdbESpfOD;wdkY oH0goûyjcif;? (2) rdcifrSm Owkyef;yGif;jcif;[laom t*FgESpfyg; ½Sdaomfvnf;
oli,favmif;u r½SdvQif y#doaE¨ rwnfEdkif[k (r 1-332-rSmyif) qdkxm;\/ ¤if;jzifhokwfydk;ESifh om;OodkY aygif;pyf
rdaomfvnf; oli,favmif;\ pdwf0dnmOf r0ifa&mufvmvQif ¤if;om;rsdK;½kyf ysufpD;oGm;onf[k qdkvdkaomaMumifh
pygr,fwdkZGmESifh tdkAmwdkY aygifpyfNyD;rS 7-&uftwGif;rSm ysufpD;jcif; ½Sdç r½Sdudk Munfh½Iívnf; uvva&Munf
tcdkufu 0dnmOf touf0ifç r0ifudk odEdkif&m\/
tMurf;tm;jzifh jy&vQif ypönf;rJh vlqif;&Jrsm;rSm om;ç orD; aygrsm;\? trsm;tm;jzifh ypönf;½Sdol vl
csrf;omrsm;rSm om;orD;enf;yg;\/ xdkodkY jzpfjcif;rSm ]]rdbrsm;\ ADZrsdK;aph½kyfaMumifhcsnf; r[kwfwef&m? vl
csrf;omjzpf&ef ukodkvfuH ½SdolwdkY enf;yg;aomaMumifhvnf; jzpfonf}}[k Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmft& ,lqtyf\/
odkYjzpfí jyqdkcJhaom taMumif;rsm;udk axmufqaom tm;jzifh av;vrwdkifrDu oaE¨½kyfrSm vIyf½Sm;jcif;
aoG;ckefEIef;rsm; r½Sdao;aomfvnf; Ak'¨jhrwfpGmbk&m; a[mjyxm;onfhtwdkif;yif okwfESifh aoG;OwdkY aygif;pyfrdNyD;
aemuf 7-&uftwGif; uvva&Munf tcdkufuyif y#doaE¨odnmOfpdwf píjzpfay:cJhonf/ av;v½dSaomtcg
vIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif ukd,ft*Fgrsm;ESifh ESvHk;aoG;aMumrsm; jynfhpHkvmaomaMumifh xdktcgusrS vIyf½Sm;onf/ ESvHk;aoG;
ar;/ /(C) Ak'¨w&m;awmft& owå0gwdkY\ pkwdpdwfusaomtcdkuf? rdbESpfyg;wdkY\ oH0go ûyaom
tcdkuf? þodkY qHk;qnf;csdefwGif oaE¨wnfonf[k¤if;? acwfynmaq;usrf;t& rdbESpfyg; oH0goûyaomtcg
tb\ okwfxJrS pygr,fwdkZGm taumifuav;onf rdcif\ tdkaA&D rsdK;aphtdrfrS tdkAmqdkonfh tpdwftydkif; wckESifh
om;tdrfaMum twGif;0,f aygif;pyfaomtcg oaE¨wnfonf[k¤if; qdkMuygonf/ rnfuJhodkY ñSdEdIif;,loifhyg
ajz/ /(C) þ (C) ar;cGef;rSm pmrsufESm 34-oaE¨wnfcsdef qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh ajzNyD;jzpfavNyD/ ¤if;udk
ar;/ /(i) tu,fí *s0g[vmae½l;\ qE´t& oaE¨wm;qD;a&; atmifjrifcJhygaomf vlYavmuü
vljzpfvmMu&rnfh owå0gwdkYtbdkY &cJaom 'kv’bBuD;wck qHk;½IH;&awmhrnf jzpfaomaMumifh xdkowå0gwdkY\ uH
w&m;udk rnfuJhodkY a0bef&ygrnfenf;/
ajz/ /(i) y#doaE¨ wm;qD;a&; atmifjrifaomfvnf; ¤if;udk vlwdkif;u toHk;ûyMurnf r[kwf/
xdkYaMumifh vljzpf&ef uH½SdolwdkYrSm ¤if;wdkY\ uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfp&mrdcifXme ½Sdrnfom? tcsdKYrSm jzpfcGifhr&bJ½dSrnf
r[kwfavm[k ar;p&m½Sdyg\/ odkYaomf xdkodkYjzpfcGifhr&Muaom olwdkYrSm vljzpf&ef uHrcdkifvHkaomaMumifh[k
,l&rnf/ Oyrm vljzpf&ygaomfvnf; trd0rf;wGif;rSmyif ysufpD;&aom olrsm; arG;NyD;aemufrMumrDyif ysufpD;&aom
þt&mü y#doaE¨ wm;aq;udk oHk;aomolrsm; Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygPmwdygwuH xdkufç rxdkufudk
ar;bG,f½Sdao;\/ tajzrSm touf0dnmOfa&mufvsuf y#doaE¨wnfNyD;rS aoysufaponfh aq;jzpfvQif ygPmwd
ygwuHxdkuf\/ odkYr[kwfygbJ tb\ okwf"mwfudk ysufpD;apíjzpfap? trd\aoG; (om;O)udk ysufpD;apíjzpfap?
y#doaE¨wnfjcif;yif vHk;vHk;uif;apaom aq;jzpfvQifum; Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygPmwdygwuHxdkufonf-[krqdkEdkif?
1/ towfcH&aom t&mrSm owå0g[kwfjcif;/
2/ owfolu ¤if;udk owå0g[k trSwf½Sdjcif;/
5/ ¤if; owå0gaojcif; [laom þ t*Fgig;yg;vHk; pHkvifrS uHxdkufonf?
þy#doaE¨t&mü pygr,fwdkZGmudk vIyf½Sm;oGm;vmjcif;ç ydk;aumifESifh oP²mefwljcif;wdkYaMumifh aq;ynm
t& okwfydk;[k ac:xm;aomfvnf; pdwf0dnmOf½Sdonf-[k rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh ¤if;udk Ak'¨w&m;awmft& owå0g-[k
todtrSwf rûy/ xdkYtwlyif tkdAmac: om;Ooufoufudkvnf; owå0g-[k todtrSwfrûy/ xdkYaMumifh yXrt*Fg
csdKY,Gif;vsuf½Sd\/ okwfydk;ESifh om;OwdkY apmapmuyif ysufpD;aevQif aygif;pyfEdkifcGifh y#doaE¨0dnmOf wnfEdkifcGifh
r½SdawmhNyD/ xdkYaMumifh owå0gaojcif;vnf; r½SdawmhNyD/ yOört*Fg csdKY,Gif;vsuf ½Sdjyef\/ þodkY yXrESifh yOört*Fg
ESpfyg; csdKY,Gif;aomaMumifh y#doaE¨ wnfEdkifcGifhyif r½Sdatmif wm;qD;aom aq;udk oHk;aom oltm; ygPmwdygw
uH xdkufonf-[k rqdkEdkif? Oyrm-om;orD; r&vdkaomaMumifh oH0gorûybJ a½SmifMuOfaeoltm; ygPmwdygwuH
xdkufonf-[k rqdkEdkifouJhodkYyif rSwf&m\/
ar;/ /(p) rdcif\ rsdK;aphtdrfrS tdkAmonf rdcif\OwkaoG; ay:vmNyD;aemuf 13-&uf 14-&uf
ajrmufaomaeYü rsdK;aphtdrfu uRwfusvmygonf/ rsdK;aphtdrfwGif ½SdaepOfu ¤if;tdkAmonf ojyufoD;ESifh oP²mef
wlygonf/ ojyufoD;rS taphuRwfusaomtcg tcGHonf rsdK;aphtdrfwGif usef&pfouJhodkY xdkYtwlyif ¤if;tdkAmonf
rSnfhí uRwfusNyD;aomtcg rsdK;aphtdrfu usefae&pfygonf/ xdkYaemuf ¤if;tdkAmonf rdwfbufjzpfaom pygr,f
wdkZGmESifh awGY&ef om;tdrfaMum atmufodkY qif;&ygonf/ OwkaoG; vmNyD;onfhaemuf 3-4-5-&uftwGif;rSm
oH0go ûyaomfvnf; oaE¨rwnfEdkifyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tdkAmonf xdktcsddefü atmufodkYrqif;? rSnfhvnf;
rrSnhfao;yg? pygr,fwdkZGmonf om;tdrfaMumtwGif;odkY wufaomfvnf; aoaMuysufpD;ukef&ygonf/ wzef
tdkAmqif;onfh &uftwGif;ü tdkAmqif;onfhwdkifatmif ¤if;\ rdwfbufpygr,fwdkZGmudk rawGYvQif ysufpD;&ygonf/
þtjzpftysufrsm;onf udk,fawGYjzpfygí ½kyf emrfrsm;ESifh rnfodkY oufqdkifygoenf;/
ar;/ /(q) ]]owå0gwOD;0ifpm;rIonf þtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonf}} [k qdkygrnfvm;/
ajz/ /(p-q) okufESifhaoG; ESpfOD;pyf oaE¨rsdK;½kyfonf ur®Z½kyf 30-ESifhwuG y#doaE¨ pdwf\wnf&m
rSD&mjzpfaomaMumifh pmrsufESm 35-oaE¨wnfcsdefü jycJhonfhtwdkif; ½kyfemrfwdkYESifhvnf; oufqdkif\/ b0topfjzpf
olESifhvnf; oufqkdif\/ oufqdkifyHkudk tenf;i,fxyfí jyOD;tHh?
y#doaE¨onf (1) Oyywf? (2) oHao'Z? (3) t@Z? (4) ZvmAkZ [lí 4-rsdK;½Sd\/ xdkwGif-
(1) OyywfrSm y#doaE¨pdwfESifh wygwnf;yif wudk,fvHk; ½kyfawGtjynfhtpHk wûydifeuf jzpfay:Mu\/
wae&m&mrS usvmouJhodkY bGm;ueJ jzpfay:vmonf? ¤if;rSm rnfonfh t&mudkrQ rrSDbJ uHoufoufaMumifh
jzpfay:vmayonf/ ewfjA[®mwdkY\\ ½kyfrSm vlawG awGYae&aom av½kyf
rsm;xufyif odrfarGYao;\/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk vlwdkYrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkif? prf;oyfívnf; rawGYEdkif/
(2) oHao'Zy#doaE¨rSm a&ñSd tykyftñSd ponfudkpGJrSDí jzpf\/ ydk;avmuf ponfwdkY\ y#doaE¨rsdK;
aywnf;/ ¤if; y#doaE¨½kyfemrfrSm tñSdwrsKd;rsdK;udk trSD&rS jzpfEdkifonf/ oefY½Sif;ajcmufaoGUaeaom yef;uefjym;
(3) t@ZOü jzpfaom y#doaE¨ESifh (4) ZvmAkZ-tcsif;üjzpfaom y#doaE¨wdkYrSm rdbwdkY\ okwfaoG;udk
þt&mü rSD&m½kyf½SdvQif ¤if;udkrSDí ur®Z½kyfESifh pdwf0dnmOfjzpfEdkifyHkrSm vlwdkY\ udk,fü tom;tpm;xdk;
ay;jcif;jzifh xif½Sm;\/ q&m0efwdkYonf vlem\ udk,frS tlpaom raumif;aomtom;udk xkwfí aumif;aom
tom;udk tjcm;ol\udk,frS ,lí xnfhay;Mu\/ xdktom;opfrSm tjcm;olxHrS xkwf,lNyD;aom umvu
um,yom'ac: ur®Z½kyfr½SdawmhNyD/ OwkZoufoufom ½Sdawmh\/ odkYaomfvnf; vlem\ udk,fu tom;ESifh
aumif;aumif; qufpyfrdaomtcg xdktopfxnf;xm;aom tom;ydkif;ü um,yom'ac: ur®Z½kyfESifh xdodrI
um,0dnmOfpdwf jzpfay:onfudk vlemudk,fwdkif awGYEdkif\/ xdkYtwlyif oHao'Zç t@Zç ZvmAkZy#doaE¨½kyfç
emrfwdkYrSmvnf; tñSdç okufç aoG;[laom OwkZ½kyfwdkYudkyifrSDí jzpfMu&\/ xdkYaMumifh okufydk;ESifh om;Oaygif;pyf
rdNyD;aom oaE¨rsdK;½kyfonf y#doaE¨½kyfç emrfwdkYESifhvnf; oufqdkifay\/ b0topf jzpfaom owå0gESifhvnf;
þt&mü txl;rSwfzG,f tcsufwpfckrSm oHao'Zç t@Zç ZvmAkZowå0gwdkYonf ½kyfMurf;rsm;udk rSDí
y#doaE¨ wnfvmcJh&aomaMumifh aooGm;aomtcgü pdwf0dnmOfESifh ur®½kyfEkrsm; csKyfaysmufoGm;Muaomfvnf;
OwkZ½kyfMurf;BuD;rSm rlvutwdkif;yif usefae&\/ Oyywfowå0g ewfjA[®mwdkYrSmrl yXruyif ½kyfMurf;rsm;udk
rrSdbJ jzpfvmcJhaomaMumifh aooGm;aomtcgüvnf; bmrSrusef&pfbJ wudk,fvHk; aysmufoGm;&avonf/
ar;/ /(Z) okwf&nfwGif½dSaom pygr,fwdkZGm taumifuav;rsm;onf b,ftaMumif;uH ½Sdygoenf;/
ajz/ /(Z) aq;ynmt&tm;jzifh pygr,fwdkZGmac:aom okwfydk;rsm;udk Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmf t&tm;jzifh
owå0g[k todtrSwfrûy/ om;rsdK;½kyf[líom todtrSwfûy\/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;okufydk;wdkYudk rnfonfhtaMumif;
aMumifhrQ jzpfonf[k rqdkEdkif/ trSeftm;jzifh rlvwnf&mudk,frS vGwfxGufoGm;NyD;aom xdkokufrsm;rSm OwkaMumifh
jzpfaom OwkZ½kyfoufoufomjzpf\/ odkYaomf y#doaE¨wnfrnfh oli,f\ tqif;vSjcif;ç rvSjcif;ç usef;rmjcif;ç
rusef;rmjcif; ponfwdkY\ tajccHvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh owå0gwdkY\ toHk;taqmif O,smOfAdrmef ponfuJhodkY
ur®ypö, OwkZ½kyf[lívnf; qdkoifhao;\/ y#doaE¨aernfhol\ uHtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm OwkaMumifh jzpfaom
ar;/ /(ps) ½kyf0g't& trdESifhtb aygif;pyfaomtcg oaE¨wnfonfudk acwfaq;ynmu vufcH
ygonf/ Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;t& wrvGefb0½Sdonfudk txufygtaMumif;rsm; t& em;vnf vG,fatmif rdefYMum;awmf
(acwf aq;ynmt& ]]wrvGEfb0 ½SdaMumif;}}udk b,fenf;ESifhrQ oufaoxkwfNyD; razmfjyEdkifyg/ rdb
ESpfyg;wdkY aygif;pyf oH0goûyí jzpfay:vmaom om;onf tdkrif;í aoaomtcg ¤if;\b0 ukefqHk;ygawmhonf/
ajz/ /(ps) aq;ynmonf ½kyfü jzpfay:vmaom a&m*gwdkYudk ukpm;&eftwGuf jzpfí ¤if;ynmjzifh
prf;oyf½SmazGvQif ½kyftaMumif;udkom rSefuefpGm odEdkifayrnf b0opf jzpfjcif;onfum; t"dutm;jzifh emrf\
t&mjzpfayonf/ t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç uHç [laomtaMumif; w&m;wdkYaMumifh y#doaE¨ 0dnmOfacgif;aqmifaom
emrf½kyfwdkY\ topfjzpfay:vmjcif; oabmjzpfayonf/ xdkt0dZÆm tp½Sdaom taMumif; emrfw&m;ESifh y#doaE¨
0dnmOf tp½Sdaom tusdK;emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfyHkudk ½kyfü prf;oyfaomenf;jzifh rodEdkifaMumif; pmrsufESm (28) ESifh
(42) (43) wdkYü jycJhNyD/ ¤if;wdkYjzifhyif þ (ps) ar;cGef;udk ajzNyD; jzpfaeavNyD/
þt&mü xyfrHí ajymvdkonfrSm rsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifaom tqif;udk em;jzifhrMum;Edkif? em;jzifh Mum;Edkifaom
toHudkvnf; rsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkif? uifr&mjzifh zrf;,lEdkifaom½kyfyHkudk &aumf'gjzifh rzrf;Edkif? &aumf'gjzifh zrf;,l
Edkifaom toHudk uifr&mjzifh rzrf;Edkif[laom oabmw&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHEdkifouJhodkY xdkYtwlyif tbdnmOf
paom ÓPfxl;rsm;jzifhom odjrifEdkifaom wrvGefb0 taMumif;udk ½kyfüom prf;oyfEdkifaom aq;ynmjzifh rod
rjrifEdkif [laom oabmw&m;udkvnf; vufcHoifh\/ xdkodkYvufrcHygbJ ]]aq;ynmjzifh rawGY&aomaMumifh
wrvGefb0r½Sd}}[k ,lqvQif xdkt,lrSm ]]rsufpdjzifh rjrif&aomaMumifh toHudk r½Sd}}[k ,louJhodkY¤if;? ]]em;jzifh
rMum;&aomaMumifh tqif;udkr½Sd}}[k ,louJhodkY¤if; trSm;omjzpfrnf[k odtyf\/
xdkYaMumifh yuwdrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom ydk;rTm;uav;rsm; jrLrHIuav;rsm; jrifvdkvQif ¤if;wdkYudk jrifap
Edkifaom rSefbDvl;rsm;jzifh Munfh&ouJhodkY wrvGefb0 taMumif;udk odvdkvQif ¤if;udkodapEdkifaom tbdnmOfç
0dyóemÓPfwdkYudk jzpfatmif tm;xkwfí Munfhtyf\/ xdkÓPfxl;rsm;udk &atmif tm;rxkwfEdkifvQif Ak'¨
w&m;awmfrsm;ü nTefjyxm;onfhtwdkif; taMumif;tusdK; qufoG,fyHkudk qifjcifíod&m\/ xdkodkYrSrqifjcifEdkifvQif
b0a[mif;u taMumif;rsm;udk jyefajymEdkifaom Zmwdó&ac: vl0ifpm;wdkY\ jzpfyHkudk pHkprf;qifjcifí ,HkMunf
vl0ifpm;qdkolrsm;rSm EdkifiHwumü tenf;i,fpD½SdMu\/ odkYaomf ]]wrvGefb0 r½Sd}}[k ,lqxm;aom
olwdkYu xdkvl0ifpm;wdkY\ wu,ftrSef ajymcsufudk r,HkMunfMu? rdpämt,ludk ajymonf[k vlBuD;rsm;u [efYwm;
xm;aomaMumifh ]]wrvGefb0 r½Sd}}[k t,l½Sdaom vlrsdK;wdkY\ uav;rsm;rSm rajym0Hhojzifh rxif½Sm;bJ aysmufuG,f
oGm;½SmMu\/ wu,ftm;jzifhqdkvQif uav;rsm;rSm b,fut,l0g'udkrQ vufrcH&ao;? rdrdwdkYodonfh twdkif;om
ajymMuayonf/ vlBuD;rsmrSmrl oufqdkif&m bmomw&m;t&tm;jzifh¤if;? rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkif awG;ac: BuHqcsuf
tm;jzifh¤if; t,l0g'rsm;udk vufcHxm;Mu\/ xdkYaMumifh rSm;aom t,ludk vufcHxm;vQif xdlvlBuD;rsm;omvQif
rSm;rnf/ uav;rsm;rSm rSm;bG,ftaMumif; r½Sday/ þ tcsufudk pOf;pm;MunfhvQif tm;BuD;aom vlBuD;rdbrsm;u
tm;i,faom uav;oli,f\ trSeftuef ajymqdkcsufudk zdESdyfwm;jrpfMuonfrSm tvGefyif rw&m;&m
odkYaomf b0a[mif;u taMumif;udk ajymolwdkif; trSefcsnf;[líum; rqdkEdkifyg/ vlBuD;rdbrsm;u oifay;
aomaMumifh ajymolrsm;vnf; ½Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ynmjzifh csifhcsdefí ,Hkoifhonfudkom ,Hk&rnf/ ,Hkoifhaom 0w¬K
1956-ckESpfu zsmyHkrS oHk;ESpft½G,f uav;ruav;wa,muf bk&m;zl;&efvmaomf rdcifESifhtwl urÇmat;
odkYa&mufvm\/ ¤if;uav;rrSm yd#uygVdpmrsm;udk tcsdK;wus oGufoGufvufvuf zwfEdkif\/ ygVdpmayrSm
acwfynmwwf vlBuD;rsm;yif tcsdK;usatmif rzwfEdkifonfomrsm;\/ ¤if;\ rdbrsm;rSmvnf; qif;&Jaom awmol
awmom;rsm;omjzpfonf/ oifay;csdefvnf; ½Sdrnfr[kwf/ olwdkY udk,fwdkifuyif oifay;Ekdifavmufatmif pmvnf;
rwwfMu? ,if;uav;ruav; bdwfpmwckudk zwfaeonfrSpí pmzwfwwfrSef; tHhtm;oifhvsuf od&onf[k
qdk\/ a½S;b0taMumif;udk ar;vQif idkaomaMumifh¤if;? tcsdKU &[ef;rsm;\ trnfudk olYtvdkvdk odonfhjyif
armifeE´d, ponfjzifh r½dkrao ac:aomaMumifh¤if;? rdrdwdkY\ q&mbkef;BuD;uyif jzpfvmonf[k oufqdkifolwdkYu
,lqMu&\/ ¤if;uav;rrSm pmroif&bJ tzwfcufaom ygVdrsm;udk oGufoGufvufvuf tcsdK;wus zwfEdkif
onfudk a½S;b0u tavhtvmaMumifhyif[k ,lqoifh\/ okdYaomf þ0w¬KrSm ÓPfaumif; oltm; oifay;vQif
jzpfEdkifonf[k r,HkcsifolwdkYu qifajcay;p&m ½Sdao;\/
1948-ckESpfu a½Tbdkc½dkif qdyfcGef½Gm r[mpnfausmif;wdkufodkY uRef;vSe,f ykwD;½GmrS OD;'Dyac: &[ef;wyg;
vma&mufí w&m;tm;xkwf\/ ¤if;u ]]ol[m a½S;b0u arsmufjzpfcJhaMumif;? nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf½Sd&m olYudkrdcif
u ydkícspfaMumif; uav;xdef;&mrSm ae&mrusí arsmufrBuD;u½dkufaMumif;? ajymif;zl;udk pm;vQif vufESpfbuf
ESifhudkifí pm;avh½SdaMumif; ponfrsm;udkajym\/ ,if;OD;'DyrSm ,ckxufwdkif ol\ae&yfü ½Sdae\/
jrif;NcHc½dkif {&m0wDuRef;xJu rdzk,m;½Gmü r,ftdrfacgif;\om; (,ck touf 50-cefY½Sd) armufwdkufpdk;
qdkolonf a½S;b0u r,frif;yk-zdk;cdkwdkY\tdrfü acG;rjzpfcJhaMumif;? acG;om;uav;rsm; arG;vsuf wnaomtcgrSm
pm;p&m r½SdaomaMumifh wjcm;tdrfodkYoGm;í xrif;tdk;udkzGifhum xrif;csdK;udk cdk;pm;aecdkuf tdrf½Sifu c&if;ESifh
&ifyufudk xdk;aomaMumifh xGufajy;vmcJh&aMumif;? om;uav;rsm;teD;odkY a&mufaomtcg vJusíaocJhaMumif;
ponfudkajym\/ xdkol\ &ifyufü c&if;'Pf&mxifvsuf½Sd\/ ¤if;rSm pGJvrf;aompdwfaMumifh jzpfonf[k ,loifh
\/ Oyrm tdyfarGYcsxm;aomoltm; q&mu oHylESifhuyfrnf[k ajymí cJwefESifh uyfvdkufvQif oHyl[k pGJvrf;rI
aMumifh xdkae&mwGif rD;avmifzk ay:vmjcif;rsdK;yif[k rSwf&m\/
xdkYjyif xdkrdzk,m;½GmteD; rD;avmufuRef;½Gmü zdk;jyefYBuD; rñdkwdkY\orD; r,fwifqdkolrSm a½S;b0u
txufyg0w¬KwdkYü arsmufç acG;ç ykZGefvHk;jzpfcJhonf[k ajymolwdkYrSm oifay;í¤if;? wpHkw&mtusdK;udk
arQmfí¤if; ajymonf[k pGyfpGJ&ef taMumif;r½Sday/ rdrdwdkYawGYêuHcJhonfudk rSwfrdonfhtwdkif; ajymMuonf [líom
xdkrSwyg; tvm;wl ,HkMunfxdkufaom 0w¬Krsm; wapäb0u tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymaom 0w¬Krsm;
vnf; rsm;pGmyif½Sd\/ ÓPfxl;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif tm;rxkwfEdkifolwdkYonf xdkodkYaom taMumif;t&mwdkYjzifh wrvGef
xdkYjyif olrsm;ESifh tvkyftudkifjcif; wlygvsuf tcsdKYyk*¾dKvfrSm tusdK;ay; tvGefxl;cRefjcif;? tcsdKYrSm tvGef
nHhzsif;jcif;? tcsdKYrSm ÓPfxl;cRefjcif;? tcsdKYrSm rdbrsdK;½dk;ESifh rwlbJ pdwfaepdwfxm; tavh 0goem tvGef
uGJjym;aejcif; ponfwdkYudkawGY&\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm a½S;b0u uHç ÓPf tavh ponfaMumifh jzpfonf[k Ak'w&m;awmf
u qdkxm;\/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYudk axmufqaomtm;jzifhvnf; a½S;b0 aemifwrvGef b0½SdaMumif; ,HkMunftyf\/
ar;/ /(u) aq;ynmtm;jzifh awGY½Sd&aom a&m*gydk;aumifuav;rsm;rSm wudk,frSESpfudk,f? ESpfudk,frS
av;udk,f? av;udk,frS ½Spfudk,f? ½Spfudk,frS wq,fhajcmufudk,f ponftm;jzifh wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;vmygonf/ olY
tvdkvdk aoonf[lí r½Sdyg/ xdkydk;aumifrsm;rSm taMumif;uHw&m; ½Sdygovm;/
(Oyrm-0rf;udkufa&m*g pGJuyfaom olemwGif tifhtrD;yg[pfwdkvdyfum; (Entamoeba Hystolitica) ydk;rsdK;
awGY&onf/ tjcm; a&m*gwdkYüvnf; a&m*gydk;rsm; awGY½Sd&ygonf/)
ajz/ /(u) Ak'¨w&m;awmft& umrbHku owå0grSm pdwf0dnmOfonf y"met*Fgjzpf\/ ¤if;pdwf0dnmOfrSm
wudk,fu ESpfudk,f cGJrxGufEdkif/ xdkYjyif owå0grSefvQif olYb0tm;avsmfpGm toufwrf; ½Sd\/ xdktoufwrf;
ukefvQif aoaMuysufpD;&\/ ar;cGef;ü az:jyxm;aom a&m*gydk;tcsdKYrSm arG;xkwfjcif;rsdK; r½SdygbJ wudk,frSESpfudk,f
ESpfudk,frS av;udk,f? av;udk,frS½Spfudk,f ponfjzifh yGm;vmonf[k qdkaomaMumifh¤if;? b,fawmhrS olYtvdkvdk
rao[k qdkaomaMumifh¤if; ]]aq;ynmt& ydk;[kac:&aomfvnf; Ak'¨w&m;awmft&tm;jzifhrl ¤if;wdkYudk owå0g[k
todtrSwfrûy}} Oyrm-wyifwnf;rS tudkif;rsm;udk jzwfí cGJpdkufvQif tyiftoD;toD;jzpfEdkifaom opfyif½kyfuJhodkY
¤if;? b,fawmhrS raoysufEdkifaom oHacs;rsm; aMu;n§drsm;ç ausmufcufrsm;uJhodkY¤if;? cGJwdkif;vnf;&ç aovnf;
raoEdkifaom jy'g;½kyfç a&½kyfuJhodkY¤if; ½kyftxl;rsm;[líom todtrSwfûytyf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkodkYaom a&m*gydk;
rsm;rSm rnfonfhuH taMumif;ESifhrQ roufqdkif? a&m*g pGJrnfh yk*¾dKvf\ tukodkvfuH taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
OwkaMumifh jzpfay:aom ur®ypö, OwkZ½kyfrsm;[líom odtyf\/
ar;/ /(c) taemufwdkif; aq;ynmt& aMumufrufbG,faumif;aom a&m*gydk;rTm;rsm;aMumifh jzpfMu
onfudk urÇmYorm;awmfBuD;rsm;pGmwdkYu oufaoxkwfMuNyD;vQif urÇmodkY wifjycJhMuygonf/ xdka&m*gydk;rsm;udk
ESdrfeif;owfjzwf&ef aq;rsm;udk ½SmazGMuaomtcg umvom;a&m*gtwGuf owf&ef pdefygonfh tm;pepf (Arsenic)ac: xdk;aq;? erdk;eD;,m;a&m*gydk;rsm; owf&eftwGuf y,feifpvif (Penicillin) xdk;aq;? wDbDydk;rsm; owf&eftwGuf pb&ufwdkrdkifqif (Streptomycin) xdk;aq;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aq;rsm;udk &½SdcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;aq;rsm;
ESifh vlrrmwdkYtm; xdk;íukowdkif; ukowdkif; q&m0efrsm;onf a&m*gydk;rsm;udk owf&m a&muf½SdaeMuygonf/
(¤if;a&m*gydk;uav;rsm;onf ajrtjyifü awGYMu&aom ydk;rTm;wdkYuJhodkYyif vl;vmvIyf½Sm;oGm;vm pm;aomuf
aeMuaomaMumifh ouf½Sdowå0gwrsdK; [lí acwfaq;ynmt& ,lqMuygonf/)
ajz/ /(c) txufyg (u) tajzü jycJhaom a&m*gydk;rsdK;jzpfvQif ¤if;wdkYrSm Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygP[k
rqdktyfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk ysufpD;apjcif;jzifh ygPmwdygwuH rxdkuf/
tu,fí yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifawGYae&aom tjcm;ydk;rsm;uJhodkY oaE¨wnfNyD; arG;jcif;ç toufwrf;tvdkuf
aojcif;rsm; ½Sdygrl xdkodkYaom ydk;rsm;rSm ygPyifjzpf&m\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkydk;rsm;udk owå0g[k trSwf½Sdvsuf
aoatmifûyvkyfjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY aoysufoGm;vQif ygPmwdygwuHxdkufonf[k ,ltyf\/ odkYaomf ygPmwdygwuH
onf oDvpaom ukodkvf*kPf½Sdoludk owfvQif tjypfBuD;\/ *kPfr½Sdoludk owfvQif tjypfi,f\/ odkYjzpfí
bm*kPfrQ ½Sdrnfr[kwfaom xdkydk;uav;rsm;udk owfjcif;rSm tvGefyif tjypfao;i,f&m\/ tu,fí xdkydk;rsm;
aojcif;udk tm½Hkrxm;bJa&m*g aysmufuif;jcif;udkom &nfarQmfí aq;ay;vQif jzpfapç ¤if;wdkYudk 0dnmOftouf
½Sdaom owå0gr[kwf[k trSwf½SdvQifjzpfapç rdrdaq;aMumifh ¤if;wdkYaoaomfvnf; ygPmwdygwuH rxdkuf[k
ar;/ /(u) ,ckacwf aoG;wdk;a&m*gç ESvHk;aoG;aMumydwfa&m*g OD;aPSmufaoG;aMumydwf a&m*g oGcsmyg'
a&m*g ponftm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom a&m*gwdkYonf csrf;om<u,f0aomolç &mxl;*kPfod&f BuD;aomolç bkef;wefcdk;
BuD;aom q&mawmfrsm; tcsdKUwdkYü jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/
¤if;yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf aiGaMu;tiftm; jynfhpHkygvsufESifh þa0'emBuD;rsm;udk cHpm;Mu&NyD; raoEdkifbJ tdyf&mü
vaygif;rsm;pGm vJaeMu&mwGif aq;ynmjzifh rnfrQyif ukoMuygaomfvnf; raysmufEdkifbJ jzpfaeMuygonf/
xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;ü jzpfaom a0'emonf aq;ynm tvdktm;jzifh uHç pdwfç Owkç tm[m& ½Sdonfhteuf
pdwfESifh tm[m&aMumifh jzpfonf[k ,lqMuygonf/ xdk,lqcsufudk vufcHygovm;/
pdwfaMumifh jzpfonf qdk&mwGif OD;aPSmuf tvkyfudkrsm;jym;pGmvkyfaom &[ef; ½Sif vlwdkif;rSm cE¨mudk,f
twGif;½Sd aoG;aMumrsm;u cE¨mudk,f\ ESvHk;odkY rydkYEkdifaomaMumifh a&tm;enf;aom O,smOfü a&udkvHkavmufpGm
ravmif;Edkifí O,smOfêuHvSDoGm;&ouJhodkY cE¨mudk,fwGifvnf; êuHvSDvm&jcif; jzpfygonf/
ajz/ /(u) ,ckacwfrSm jzpfay:aeaom aoG;wdk; a&m*gç OD;aPSmuf aoG;aMumydwfa&m*gç oGcsmyg'a&m*g
tp½Sdaom a&m*grsm;udk pdwfaMumifhjzpfonf[k ,lqcsufrSm rSefoifhoavmuf rSefbG,f½Sd\/ odkY&mwGif pdwftrsdK;
trnfudk cGJjcm;&efum; vdkayvdrfhrnf/
¤if;udk avmbç a'gojzifh ylavmifaompdwf? avmbç a'gouif;vsuf Munfvifat;csrf;aom pdwf [lí
tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh ESpfrsdK;cGJoifh\/ xdkwGif pD;yGm;a&; tvkyftudkifrsm;ü tvGefaMumifhMupdkufvsuf ylyefrIaomu
pdwftm;BuD;aeaomoltm;¤if;? ausmif;uefudpöç wynfhwyef;udpöç a[majymqufqHa&;udpöç usrf;a&;om; pdppfa&;
udpöwdkYü aMumifhMupdkufrIrsm;aeaom &[ef;yk*¾dKvftm;¤if;? xdkodkYaom a&m*gjzpfvQif pdwfaMumifh jzpfonfvnf;
½Sd&m\/ xdkpdwfrSmvnf; avmbç a'gojzifh ylavmifaompdwfrsdK;om jzpf&m\/ odkYaomf pdwfaMumifh [líom
wxpfcs,l&efum; oifhrnfrxif/ udk,fvufvIyf½Sm;rI enf;jcif;[laom taetxdkifrrQjcif; (0dory&d[m&) a&m*g
jzpfapwwfaom tpmt[m&ç tdkrif;aqG;ajrhjcif; (Z&m)ESifh uHtm;avsmfpGm rlvuyif ygvmaom taMumtaoG;
avmbç a'go tyltyifuif;vsuf Munfvifat;csrf;aom pdwfaMumifhrlum; aoG;ç avç toGm;ç tvm
ysufbG,f taMumif;r½Sdyg/ taMumif;rlum; bm0emw&m;udk yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaeaomolrSm £'¨dyg'fac: NyD;ajrmuf
aMumif; w&m;av;yg; jzpfyGm;vsuf ½Sd\/ xdk £'¨dyg'f 4-yg;udk yGm;rsm;xm;aom yk*¾dKvfrSm wjcm; taMumif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom a&m*gudkyif aysmufuif;apEdkifaMumif;? toufwrf;jynfh jzpfapç toufwrf;xuf ausmfvGefí
jzpfap touf½SnfpGm wnfaeEdkifaMumif;rsm;udk Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifyif tBudrfBudrf a[mxm;ay\/
xdka[mcsufrsm;ESifhtnDyif ,ckacwf w&m;tm;xkwfaom olwdkYxJrS tcsdKYyk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu aq;
trsdK;rsdK; q&mtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ukoí raysmufEdkifaom a&m*grsm;yif w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh tjrpfjywf aysmufuif;
oGm;Muonfudkvnf; awGY&\/ atmufygrSm bm0emjzifh touf½SnfEdkifaMumif; jyaom w&m;awmf jzpfonf/
aom £aroH pwkEéH £'¨dyg'geH bm0dwwåm A[kvDuwwåm
tmucFrmaem uyÜH 0g wda|,s uyÜg0aooH 0g/ £'H acg
xdk&[ef;onf þ£'¨dyg'f 4-yg;wkdYudk yGm;apaomaMumifh tvdk½Sdygrl toufwrf;jynfh (tm,kuyfywfvHk;)
jzpfapç toufwrf;xuf ydkvGefíjzpfap touf½SnfvsufwnfaeEdkif\/ &[ef;wdkY þ£'¨dyg'f 4-yg;onf &[ef;\
toufjzpfayonf/ ('D 2-r[my&dedAÁmeokwf/ oH 3/ £'¨dyg'oH,kwfwdkYüvnf; tvm;wl½Sd\/)
xdkYaMumifh ]]bm0emudk tm;xkwfvsuf pdwftvkyfrsm;jcif;jzifh a&m*grjzpfEdkif/ bm0em tiftm;jynfhvQif
½SdNyD; a&m*gudkyif aysmufapEdkifao;onf}}[k rSwftyf\/
ar;/ / (c) OD;aPSmuf tvkyfrsm;pGm rvkyfMuaom ½k½Sm;awmifydkif;½Sd vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf touf 170-
180 ru ½SnfMuonf[k (25-3-57) aeYxkwf r@dKif owif;pmwGifzwf&ygonf/ ¤if;touf½Snfolrsm;rSm touf
100-ausmfaomtcg oGm;opfrsm;yif jyefvnfaygufvmMuonf[k qdkygonf/
o&P*HkoHk;yg; rxGef;um;aom xdkt&yfa'owGif þrQavmuf touf½SnfMuukefaom olwdkYonf twdwf
b0u rnfuJhodkYaom aumif;rIuHudk ûycJhMuygoenf;/
ajz/ /(c) pdwf tvkyfenf;aom ½k½Sawmifydkif;om; tcsdKYvlrsm;\ touf½Snfjcif;udk axmufí ¤if;wdkYrSm
pdwftvkyfenf;aomaMumifhom touf½SnfMuonf[k ,lqvQif ¤if;,lqcsufudk tjynfhtpHk rSefonf[k rqdkEdkifyg?
taMumif;rSm pdwftvkyf enf;½HkrQjzifh touf½SnfrnfqdkvQif ArmjynfxJrSmvnf; csif;ç ucsifa'ou tcsdKYvlrsm;rSm
pdwftvkyfqdkvQif vkyfp&mr½Sdoavmufyif enf;yg;Mu\/ odkYaomfvnf; xdka'ouvlrsm;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
touf½SnfaMumif; rMum;&bl;ay/ xdkYjyif Armjynfü toufwpf&meD;yg;ESifh w&mausmfwdkifatmif xl;xl; jcm;jcm;
touf½SnfolwdkYudk ar;jref; pHkprf;MunfhvQif xdkolwdkY\ rsdK;½dk;udku touf½SnfrsKd; jzpfaeonfudk awGY&wwf\/
rsdK;½dk;\ oufwrf;rSm jy|mef;\/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;wdkY\ uHaomfrS ¤if;rsdK;½dk;\ toufwrf;udk rvGefqefEdkifaMumif;
oaAÁyd aAm"dowåm arwåmykAÁbma*e aom reó
o[*w ÓPorÜ,kwå tocFg&du pdawåe rmwkukpädo®ð
y#doE¨ð *Pð ok? awe pdawåe *[dwy#doE¨d,m toacFs,sH
tm,k? uo®m ye aw toacFs,sH e t|Hok/ OwkabmZe
0dywåd,m/ OwkabmZe 0aoe [d tm,k [m,wdyd 0¥wdyd/y/
ww¬ ,H ,H tm,ky&drmaPok rEkaóok Ak'¨g edAÁwåEÅd?
aworÜd wH wa'0 tm,ky&drmPH a[mwDwd a0 'dwAÁH/
tvHk;pHkaom aemufqHk;b0 bk&m;tavmif;awmfwdkYonf arwåmpsmef\ a½SYoGm;jzpfí owå0gwdkYtm;
csrf;omapvdkaom ÓPfjzifh ,SOfvsuf ½Tefvef;xufoefaom pdwfjzifh r,fawmf\0rf;ü y#doaE¨pGJ,lukef\/
xdkpdwfjzifh y#doaE¨pGJ,laom ol\ toufonf toacFs½SnfEdkif\/ odkYjzpfvQif xdkbk&m;tavmif;rsm;uyif
jzpfoGm;aom bk&m;wdkYonf tb,faMumifh touftoacFs rwnfaeukefoenf;[lrI xdkxdkacwfumvü jzpfay:
vsuf½Sdaom OwkESifh tm[m&wdkY\ csdKYwJhjcif;aMumif; rwnfaeukefownf;/ rSefay\/ xdkxdkacwfumvü jzpfay:
vsuf½Sdaom OwkESifh tm[m&wdkY\ tpGrf;aMumifh xdkxdkacwfumv vlwdkY\ toufwrf;onf qkwfonfvnf;½Sd\/
wdk;onfvnf; ½Sd\/y/ xdkodkYqkwfvsuf wdk;vsuf½Sdaom toufwrf;wdkYwGif tMuiftMuif toufwrf; ½Sdaom
olwdkYü Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;wdkY jzpfay:vmvQif xdkbk&m;wdkY\ toufonfvnf; vlwdkY\ xdkxdktoufwrf; twdkif;yif
]]txufyg t|uxmudk axmufqMunfhvQifvnf; rsdK;½dk;\toufwrf;rSm toufwdkjcif; ½Snfjcif;\
xdkjyif Ak'¨w&m;awmft&tm;jzifh wzefjyefí vljzpfxdkufonfh uH½SdolrSm aocgeD;ü pdwfnGwfvQif taemuf
EdkifiHrS vluvnf; ta½SYEdkifiHrsm;ü jzpfEdkif\/ ta½SYEdkifiHrSvluvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm;ü xdkYjyifAk'¨bmom
rxGef;um;aom EdkifiHuvlrsm;onfvnf; vltcsif;csif; ulnDapmifha½Smufaomtm;jzifh touf½SnfaMumif; aumif;rI
xdkYjyif ]]ypöKyÜefb0üûyaom aumif;rIaMumifh touf½Snfonf}}[k jyqdkaom Ak'¨bmom w&m;awmfrSmvnf;
y#doaE¨ tusdK;ay;vdkufonfh rlvuH\ tpGrf;tm;avsmfpGm toufwrf;jynfh ½Snfjcif;udkom qdkvdk\/ xdkuH\
tpGrf;xuf ydkvGefí touf½Snfonfudkum; qdkvdkonfr[kwf/ Oyrm rlvuHu toufw&m ½Snfatmif tusdK;
ay;xm;vQif ypöKyÜefuHu Mum;xJü wpHkw&mtEÅ&m,f rusa&mufapbJ xdktoufw&mjynfhatmif touf½Snfap&ef
okdYjzpfí ,ckjycJhaom taMumif;tm;vHk;udk axmufqaomtm;jzifh ]]Ak'¨bmom rxGef;um;aom EdkifiHrsm;ü
wOD;wav xl;xl;jcm;jcm; touf½SnfMuonfrSm a½S;b0u ûycJhaom uHESifhvnf;qdkifonf? rsdK;½dk;\ toufwrf;
ESifhvnf; qdkifonf? Owkç tm[m& aexdkifrIwdkYESifhvnf; qdkifonf/ pdwfylyef yifyef;rI enf;yg;jcif;ESifhvnf;
qdkifonf}}[k rSwf,loifh\/ ]]Ak'¨bmom0ifyk*¾dKvfjzpfygrl &wemoHk;yg;ESifhpyfaom ukodkvfESifhvnf; qdkifonf}}[k
Ä or®'d|d[k ac:a0:yHk "r®y' t|uxm 'g½komu#du ykwå0w¬K ESm -284 ü½Iyg/ Ä a'0rEkóm Oygou bma0e yAÁZÆdw bma0e 0g omoeH Moo&EÅd? (ck'´uygX t|uxm ESm 3)
1/ ]]em;rvnf r½Sif;vif;aom tcsufrsm;udk xyfrHí ar;avQmufvdkygonf}}[k pum;yv’ifcHNyD;vQif ]]½kyf
oufoufom½Sdaom b0ü pdwfç emrfw&m;u b,fudka&mufoGm;ygoenf;}}[k q&m0efu ar;avQmufjyefaom
q&m0ef\ rlvar;avQmufcsuf tprSmyif ]]o,"r®mocFg&m jzpfwwfaom ocFg&w&m;wdkYonf ysufpD;jcif;
oabm½Sdukef\}}[k az:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; ½kyfç emrfç ocFg&w&m; [lorQwdkYonf jzpfay;vmNyD;vQif wcPjcif;yif
ysufpD;aysmufuG,foGm;Mu\/ ¤if;½kyfç emrfta[mif;wdkYudk trSDûyí topftopf qufvufí jzpfaeaom ½kyfç emrf
topfwdkYudkom awGYaeMu&\/ Oyrm bdk;ç bGm;ç rdç bwdkYonf tcsdefusaomtcg aoaysmufoGm;Mu\/ topf
topf jzpfyGm;vmaom om;ç ajr;ç jrpfwdkYudkom awGYjrifaeMu& ouJhodkYyifwnf;/ odkYjzpfí ½kyfç emrf ESpfyg;vHk;
½Sdaom b0ü raorDrSmvnf; ½kyfç emrf ta[mif;rsm; cPrpJ ysufpD;aysmufuG,fvsuf½Sd\/ topftopf jzpfay:
vmaom ½kyfç emrf topfrsm;udkom awGY&\/ xdkYtwlyif aoaomtcgüvnf; b0a[mif;u ½kyfç emrf tm;vHk;yif
t<uif;rJh ysufpD;aysmufuG,foGm;\/ b0opfü ½kyfç emrftopfrsm; qufvufí rjywfjzpfyGm;oGm;\/ ½kyf
oufoufom½Sdaom tonowfb0üjzpfaom olrSmrlum; bm0emuH\ tpGrf;aMumifh pdwfemrftopf rjzpfay:
vmawmhbJ ½kyfoufoufom jzpfay:vsuf½Sd\/
jzpfyHkrSm tcsdKYaomolonf ]]trSwfonm½Sdíç pdwftod½Sdí wyfrufjcif;ç jypfrSmjcif;ç rdkufrSm;jcif;ç pdwf
qif;&Jjcif;ç emusif tcHcufjcif;rsm; jzpf&acsonf/ trSwftnmr½Sdç pdwfr½SdvQifum; rjzpfEdkif? trSwfonmr½Sdjcif;
pdwfr½Sdjcif;onfom aumif;ayonf}}[k pdwfü tjypfjrifNyD;vQif? pdwf onmuif;atmif &nfoefvsuf ½lyg0p&
pwkw¬psmefudk yGm;ap\/ xdkoltm; xdkb0rS pkawí ½kyfç emrfa[mif;tm;vHk; ysufpD;oGm;aomtcg b0opfü
½kyfoufoufomjzpf\/ pdwfemrfü pufqkyfaom bm0emuH\ tpGrff;aMumifh pdwfç emrf rjzpfay:vmawmhbJ
uif;vsuf½Sd\/ urÇmig;&mywfvHk; xdkbHkü opfom;½kyf ausmuf½kyfrsm;uJhodkY wnfae\/ aocJhpOfu £&d,mykwf
twdkif;yif xdkifvsufjzpfap? avsmif;vsufç &yfvsuf jzpfaap rvIyfr,SufbJ wnfae\/ urÇmig;&m aphaomtcg
,cif aocgeD;u pGJvrf;cJhaom pdwftm½Hkudkyif pGJvrf;vsuf vlYbHkç ewfbHkü y#doaE¨pdwfjzpfay:vsuf ½kyfç emrf
þodkY bm0em\ tpGrf;aMumifh pdwfemrf rjzpfay:bJ jywfpJaeonfrSm tonowfb0üom r[kwfao;?
vlYb0ü &[EÅmwdkYtm; eda&m"ormywf0ifaomtcg bm0em\tpGrf;aMumifh 7-&ufwdkifatmif pdwfemrfrjzpfay:bJ
jywfpJaeonfvnf; ½Sdao;\/ bm0em\tpGrf; xl;jcm;yHkudk vufawGYjzpfatmif nTefjy&vQif ,ck umvü
bm0emudk Edkifeif;pGm tm;xkwfxm;aom olwdkY½SdMu\/ xdkolwdkYwGif tcsdKYaom olrsm;rSm rdrdwdkY&½Sdxm;aom w&m;
xl;wdkYwGif a&mufaeaomtcg jrifrIç Mum;rIç xdrIç BuHpnfpOf;pm;rIç omrefpdwfrsm; jzpfay:jcif;r½SdbJ em&Daygif;
rsm;pGmyif xdkifvsufç &yfvsufç wnfaeEdkifMuonfudk awGY&\/ xdkodkYomrefpdwfrsm; jzpfay:jcif;r½SdbJ Mum½SnfpGm
wnfaeEdkifMuonfudk axmufqaomtm;jzifh bm0em\ tpGrf;udk ,HkMunftyfay\/
þrQjzifh ½kyfoufouf½Sdaom (tonowf) b0ü pdwfemrf vHk;0r½SdbJ wnfaeyHkudk odEdkifavmufNyD/
2/ ]]pdwfemrfoufoufjzpfaeaom b0u owå0gudk rsufpdjzifh jrifawGYEdkifygovm;? tb,fhaMumifh
pdwfcsnf; jzpfaeygoenf;? xdkodkYjzpfaeonfhtwGuf rqif;&Jygvm;}} ponfjzifh xyfrHí ar;jyefaomaMumifh xyfrHí
emrfoufoufom ½Sdaom t½lybHkrSm av;qifh½Sd\/ ½lyg0p&psmefav;yg;vHk;udk &NyD;aomolonf ]]½kyf½Sdí
a&m*gtrsdK;rsdK; jzpf&onf? t½dkuftESuf towftjzwf tESdyfpufcH&onf? ½kyfr½SdvQif xdkuJhodkYaom qif;&Jrsm;
rjzpfEdkif? ½kyfr½Sdwmu aumif;onf}}[k ½kyfü tjypfudk jrifNyD;vQif ½kyfuif;ap&ef &nfoefawmifhwí t½lypsmef
av;yg;udk yGm;ap\/ xdkolonf xdkb0rS pkawaomtcg t½lyav;bHkwGif rdrd&xm;aom psmefESifhqdkifonfhbHkü
jzpf\/ jzpfaomtcg bm0em uH\tpGrf;aMumifh ½kyfrjzpfay:vmbJ pdwfemrfoufoufom jzpfay:vsuf½Sd\/ xdk
pdwfemrfxJwGif rcHomaom qif;&Jrygay? csrf;omMunfvifaompdwfESifh tv,ftvwfaeomaom pdwfaumif;
csnf;om yg0if\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkodkY pdwfemrfcsnf;jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qif;&Jjcif;r½Sday? csrf;omvsufom ½Sdayonf/
xdkYjyif pdwfemrf w&m;rSm rsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifaumif;aom w&m; r[kwfaomaMumifh? ¤if;emrfoufoufom½Sdaom
yk*¾dKvfudk yuwdrsufpdjzifh rnfolrQ rjrifEdkif/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;wdkYonfomvQif oAÁñkwÓPfjzifh odjrifEdkifayonf/
xdkt½lybHkwdkYü rsufpd½kyfç em;½kyf ponf bm½kyfrQ r½SdaomaMumifh bk&m;udkvnf; rzl;jrifEdkif? w&m;
udkvnf; remMum;Edkif/ xdkYaMumifh xdkbHkodkY ykxkZOfyk*¾dKvfa&mufoGm;vQif xdkb0ü r*fzdkvfw&m;xl;udk r&Edkif?
toufwrf;aphí xdkb0rS pkawvmaomtcg vlYb0 ewfb0odkY jyefa&mufvm&\? xdktcgrSm tjcm;olrsm;ESifh
wef;wlyif jzpfaejyef\/ tu,fí vlYb0ewfb0u aomwmyef ou'g*grf tem*grfjzpfNyD;rS xdkt½lyb0ü jzpfyg
rlum; xdkt½lybHkrsm;rSmyif txuf r*fçzdkvf tqifhrsm;udk&um &[EÅmjzpfí xdkbHkrsm;rSmyif y&dedAÁmef 0ifpH&onf/
3/ ]]þt&mü q&m0efwdkYu OD;aESmufysufjcif;aMumifh wu,fr[kwfygbJ wu,f[kwfovdk xifjrifonf}}
[k ,lqaMumif; avQmufjyefojzifh xyfrHí ½Sif;vif;jyonfrSm-q&m0efwdkY tvdktm;jzifh OD;aESmufysufjcif;aMumifh?
Ak'¨usrf;*efwdkY tvdktm;jzifh ESvHk;aoG; ysufjcif;aMumifh r[kwfonfudk t[kwfuJhodkY xifjcif;vnf; ½SdEdkifay\/
xdkYjyif aocgeD;umvü wudk,fvHk;rS ½kyftm;vHk;yif ysufaeaomaMumifh OD;aESmuf½kyfonf; qkwf,kwf ysufpD;rnfrSm
,HkrSm;bG,fr½Sday/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkodkYaom tm½Hk edrdwfrsm;rSm udavom ruif;aom yk*¾dKvfwdkYtm;om xifonf?
udavom uif;aom &[EÅmwdkYtm; rxif/ xifaomyk*¾dKvfwdkYrSmvnf; tm½Hkqdk;csnf; xifonfr[kwf? tm½Hk
aumif;rsm;vnf; xifonfyif/ raumif;rIü tavhtvmrsm;aom olwdkYtm; trsm;tm;jzifh tm½Hkqdk;omxifwwf\/
aumif;rIü tavhtxrsm;aom olwdkYtm; tm½Hkaumif;om xifwwf\/ tdyfrufudk jrifrufvQif tavhtusifh
rsm;&mudk jrifrufwwfouJhodkYyifwnf;/ 0dyóemudk Edkifeif;pGm tm;xkwfxm;aom olrSmrlum; tm½Hkaumif;omvQif
xif\/ tm½Hkqdk;um; rxif/ xdkYaMumifh aocgeD; umvü xl;jcm;aom tm½Hkedrdwfrsm;udk xifjrifjcif;rSm OD;aESmuf
ysufaomaMumifh[lí rqdkEdkif? xdkolwdkYudk,fwdkif ûyvkyfavhvmxm;aom uHtaMumif;aMumifh xifjrifjcif;om
tcsKyftm;jzifh qdkvQif rnfonhftaMumif;aMumifhyif xifjrifapumrl xdktm½HkudkpGJí aooGm;vQif xdktm½Hk
udkyif tm½Hkûyvsuf b0opf y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:vmjcif;rSm udef;aoyif jzpf\/ Oyrm-usef;rmpGm ½Sdaeaom
olrSmyif tm½Hkwckckü pGJvrf;rdvQif? xdktm½Hkudkyif tm½Hkûyvsuf aemufaemufpdwfrsm; qufvufum jzpfyGm;oGm;jcif;
4/ okwfydk;ESifh om;O aygif;pyfrdaom tcgrSm vufawGYprf;oyfxm;aom q&m0efwdkY\ twdtusjyqdkcsuf
twdkif; ]]"r®wmaoG;píay:onfrS 13-&ufajrmuf 14-&ufajrmufudkyif ,loifh\/ odkY&mwGif om;OtdrfrS xdkodkY
usqif;NyD;aom om;Oonf aemufwBudrf "r®wmaoG;ay:vmNyD;onfh wdkifatmif rysufbJ wnfaeonfvnf;
wcgw&H ½Sdwwfao;onf}}[k q&m0efwdkYuyif qdkjyefaomaMumifh OwkaoG; pifMu,fcgpüvnf; okufydk;ESifh
xdkom;O aygif;pyfrdjcif; jzpfEdkifao;onf[lívnf; rSwftyf\/
1/ ]]jA[®mrsm;rSm vlwdkYuJhodkY a,musfm; rdef;r½Sdygovm;/ Oyywf ewfrsm;rSm om;ç orD; ½Sdygovm;}}
[laom aemufxyftar;udk ajz½Sif;jyefonfrSm-
jA[®mwdkYrSm vlwdkYuJhodkY a,musmf; rdef;rwdkY\ vdift*Fgr½Sd? umr&m&pdwfvnf;r½Sd? a'gopdwfvnf;r½Sd/
odkYaomf udk,ftaetxm;rSm a,musfm;toGifjzifh cHhnm;xGm;êudif;pGm½Sd\/
Oyywfewfrsm;rSm om;ç orD; ½SdMu\/ ¤if; om;ç orD;wdkYrSm &ifcGifxJü jzpfay:vmukef\/ ZeD;onf ewf
rdef;rwdkYrSm tdyf&may:ü jzpfvm\/ tvkyftauR; ta>ct&HwdkYrSm tdyf&mab;ywfvnfü jzpfvmukef\/
þae&mü Ak'¨usrf;*efwdkYwGif jyqdkxm;aom 'ku¨a0'emjzpfaMumif; 8-yg;ESifhvnf; ESD;aESmí ½Sif;jyOD;tHh/
(1) onf;ajcysufjcif;? (2) ovdyfysufjcif;? (3) avysufjcif;? (4) onf;ajcç avç ovdyf oHk;rsdK;pHkysufjcif;?
(5) Owkysufjcif;? (6) taetxdkifrrQwjcif;? (7) ½kyfudk,fü temw&jzpfatmif ûyvkyfjcif;? (8) tukodkvf uHw&m;
[laom þtaMumif;½Spfyg;wdkYwGif wyg;yg;aMumifh 'kua0'emjzpfay:onf[k Ak'usrf;*efwdkYü jyqdkxm;\/
þtaMumif;½Spfyg;xJü pdwfç tpmtm[m&ESifh tdkrif; aqG;ajrhjcif;[laom a&m*gjzpfaMumif; oHk;rsdK;wdkYudk
wdkuf½dkuftm;jzifh azmfjyxm;jcif;r½Sday/ odkYaomfvnf; onf;ajcysufvQif pdwfvnf; ysuf\/ pdwfysufvQifvnf;
onf;ajcysufwwf\/ touf½SLavrS pí av½kyfvnf; ysufwwfonfyif/ xdkYaMumifh pdwftaMumif;rS onf;ajc
ysufjcif;ç avysufjcif;wdkYü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/ xdkYjyif a&m*gjzpfapwwfonfh tpmudk pm;jcif;onf tqdyfudk
pm;jcif;uJhodkYyif temw&jzpfaponfh tûytrlrsdK; jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;udk Oyuúr[kac:aom temw&jzpfatmif
ûyvkyfjcif;ü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/ xdkYjyif tdkrif;aqG;ajrhjcif;onf ZD&PawaZm[k ac:aom OwkaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh tdkrif;aqG;ajrhjcif; [laom a&m*gjzpfaMumif;rSm Owk ysufjcif;ü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/
þtaMumif;½Spfyg;wdkYwGif tukodkvfuHaMumifh tema&m*g 'kua0'emjzpf&mü tukodkvfuHudk y"me
taMumif; [lí¤if;ç onf;ajcysufjcif;paom wyg;aom taMumif;wdkYuvnf; xdka&m*ga0'em jzpfyGm;ap&ef
xdkufonftm;avsmfpGm yg0if tm;ay; axmufyHhMuonf[lí¤if; rSwftyf\/ xdkYtwlyif onf;ajcysufjcif; paom
taMumif; 7-yg;aMumifh a&m*ga0'em jzpf&müvnf; xdktaMumif; 7-yg;udk y"metaMumif; [lí¤if;ç tukodkvfuH
uvnf; tm;ay; axmufyHhao;onf [lí¤if; rSwftyf\/ þtaMumif; 7-yg;ESifh qdkifaom a&m*ga0'emwdkYü
uHonfy"me taMumif;r[kwf/ ]]tñSd½SdvQif-,iftHk}} qdkouJhodkY OyxrÇu taxmuftyHh taMumif;rQom
jzpfaomaMumifh rjzpfrDuvnf; aq;ponfjzifh umuG,fEdkif\/ jzpfNyD;rSvnf; aysmufatmif ukoEdkif\/
ra&rwGufEdkifaom b0rsm;pGmu usifvnfvmcJhaom owå0gwdkYrSm xdkodkYaom a&m*ga0'emudk jzpfapEdkif
aom tukodkvfuHrS vGwfuif;Murnf r[kwfay/ odkYaomf ysdKysdK½G,f½G,f oefpGrf;aewkef;rSm ar;cGef;üygaom
a&m*grsdK;jzpf&ef rsm;pGmtaMumif;r½Sday/ tdkrif;aomolrSmrlum; xdktdkrif;jcif; taxmuftyHhudk&í tm;rBuD;vSaom
tukodkvfuHuvnf; 0ifa&muftusdK;ay;ojzifh xdkodkYaoma&m*grsm;jzpf&onf [lívnf; ,loifh\/
Ak'¨omoem0if r[kwfaomolrSmvnf; vljyefjzpf&eftwGuf a½S;a½S;b0rsm;u ûybl;aom 'geç oDvpaom
ukodkvfuHrsm; ½SdEdkif\/ ,ck ypöKyÜef b0üvnf; rdwfaqGrsm; {nfhonfrsm; qif;&Jolrsm; ponfwdkYtm; ay;urf;jcif;
auR;arG;jcif;ç tcsif;csif; apmifha½Smufjcif;ç tusdK;rsm;atmifnTefMum;jcif;ç aqmif½Gufjcif;ç aq;½Hkç pmoifausmif;
ponf aqmufvkyfvªjcif;ç ¤if;wdkYtwGuf &HyHkaiG xnfh0ifvª'gefjcif;ç vludkowfjcif; ESdyfpufjcif;rS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç
wd&pämefudk owfjcif;ç ESdyfpufjcif;rS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç cdk;rI vdrfrIwdkYrS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç toufBuD;olESifh q&mwdkYtm;
½dkaojcif; þodkYpaom aumif;rIrsm;onf Ak'¨omoem0if r[kwfaom olwdkYtm;vnf; xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm
½SdMu\/ xdkaumif;rIrsm;aMumifh vlvnf; jyefíjzpfEdkif\/ ewfvnf;jzpfEdkif\/ odkYaomfuH uH\tusdK;udk
,HkMunfodjrifí ûyaom ukodkvfr[kwfvQif ÓP0dyÜ,kwfÓPfESifh r,SOfaom ukodkvfjzpfaomaMumifh xdkukodkvfjzifh
jzpfvmaom vlYb0 ewfb0ü r*fzdkvfudkum; r&Edkifay/
Source: http://www.mahasi.org.mm/sites/default/files/m045pdf.pdf
Pharmaceuticals BUY (maintain) September 2 6 , 2001 (12:50) Yunjeong Cho / (822) 2003.1868 / [email protected] Additional upturn expected as market leader ᮣ Biggest beneficiary of medical reform: Yuhan produces a number of original medicines, the sales of which have surged since medical reform. In line with its enhanced image, the company enjoys strong synergy in its
TRIPTANS FOR MIGRAINE The triptans are very effective for the treatment of an acute migraine attack even if taken several hours after the onset of the pain. This feature makes them quite useful for you when you awaken with a fully developed migraine. However, they are most effective if taken at the onset of the headache when the pain is mild. In studies comparing the triptans to placebo, t
A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |K |
L |
M |
N |
O |
P |
Q |
R |
S |
T |
U |V |
W |
X |
Y |
Z |
0-9