GUIDELINES FOR METABOLIC MONITORING Metabolic Monitoring Tool incorporates recommendations from various guidelines and
consensus statements regarding the assessment and ongoing monitoring for metabolic syndrome in patients receiving antipsychotic medications. It is recommended that the Metabolic Monitoring Tool be filled in whenever a client is started on an atypical antipsychotic. A new form should be started when there is a switch in medication. Frequency of measurement of the specific parameters is indicated on the Metabolic Monitoring Tool. Medication associated changes are most likely to occur within the first year of treatment. Monitoring can occur annually thereafter. True baseline refers to an antipsychotic naïve client being assessed at the time of first treatment. Current baseline refers to status at the time of the introduction of the medication listed as the current antipsychotic. If a client declines to engage in monitoring, this may be noted with a “D” in place of the values for a given assessment time period. A space is provided on the form for a patient’s physician’s initials indicating that the results have been reviewed.
2. Individuals with schizophrenia and mood disorders appear to have a higher risk of developing
metabolic syndrome. Antipsychotics, particularly atypical antipsychotics have been associated with metabolic syndrome.
3. Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at high risk of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
disease and their associated increased morbidities and mortalities.
4. Metabolic syndrome has been defined as:
Table 1 – The new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition:
According to the new IDF definition, for a person to be defined as having the metabolic syndrome they must have: Central obesity (defined as waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for Europid men and ≥ 80 cm for Europid women, with ethnicity specific values for other groups)
plus any TWO of the following four factors:
• raised TG level: ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality • reduced HDL cholesterol: < 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males and < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L)
in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality
• raised blood pressure: systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension
• raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG): ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes If above 5.6 mmol/L or 100mg/dL, OGTT is strongly recommended but is not necessary to define
5. The atypical antipsychotics vary in their tendency to cause metabolic abnormalities.
Table 2 – Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic abnormalities:
Ô Newer agents with limited long-term data
VCHA, Vancouver Community Mental Health Services
6. Although there is less information available regarding the metabolic syndrome and other psychiatric
medications, significant weight gain has been reported with several different mood stabilizers and antidepressants. Clinicians may want to use the Metabolic Assessment Tool in these situations as well.
7. The health risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease varies depending on several modifiable and
non-modifiable factors. Some of the major risk factors included below are listed on the Metabolic Monitoring Tool in checklist format.
• • High blood pressure • Male gender
• Personal or family history of diabetes/CVD
• Aboriginal, Hispanic, South Asia, Asian or African descent
8. Accumulation of risk factors increases the likelihood of a poor health outcome and it may be valuable
to assess risk when making decisions about drug therapy. Although not standardized, one stratification scheme is as follows:
Table 3 – Risk:
9. All clients should be advised of the metabolic risks of atypical antipsychotics. When appropriate,
education about the signs and symptoms of diabetes, as well as the life-threatening condition of diabetic ketoacidosis, should be given.
Table 4 – DKA clinical presentation:
• Polyuria, polydipsia • Weight loss
• Rapid respiration • Clouding of sensorium, even coma
10. Ideally, all clients should receive counselling about healthy lifestyles including smoking cessation, diet
and physical activity. High-risk individuals may require referral to specialized services.
11. Abnormalities in glucose, blood pressure of lipids need to be assertively treated. This may require
liaison with GP/specialist(s) and other supports for the client to facilitate maintenance of appointments etc.
12. The decision to switch antipsychotics or other therapy because of metabolic abnormalities will need to
be individualized. As a general guideline, switching to an alternative agent should be considered if a patient gains > 5% of his or her baseline weight at any time during therapy or if there is worsening of glycemia or dyslipidemia. There are many other factors to consider, such as degree of risk, psychiatric history, treatment history, client variables etc. A careful risk-benefit assessment should be undertaken.
13. Suggested interventions shown on the Tool may be checked off when they are conducted. Individual
clinicians may choose to use all or some or none of these suggestions depending on the client and situation. When and how these interventions are applied will be up to the treating team. The checklist format is provided for ease of recording and as a reminder.
VCHA, Vancouver Community Mental Health Services
Vitamiineista haittaa vai hyötyä? Tanskalainen tutkija Bjelakovic työtovereineen on äskettäin ”The Journal of the American Medical Association” lehdessä (JAMA) julkaissut katsauksen jossa tutkittiin antioksidanttien käytön vaikutusta kokonaiskuolleisuuteen. Tutkimuksen tiivistelmäosaa on laajalti ollut esillä julkisuudessa ilman koko artikkelin tarkempaa analyysiä. Mitä julk