REFERENCES
1. Collins AJ, Roberts TL, St Peter WL, Chen SC, Ebben
lar risk factor in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 97:138-
J, Constantini E: United States Renal Data System assess-
ment of the impact of the National Kidney Foundation-
14. Kunz K, Petitjean P, Lisri M, et al: Cardiovascular
Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. Am J Kid-
morbidity and endothelial dysfunction in chronic haemodi-
alysis patients: Is homocyst(e)ine the missing link? Nephrol
2. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical prac-
tice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, clas-
15. Ducloux D, Motte G, Challier B, Gibey R, Chalopin
sification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:S1-S266,
JM: Serum total homocysteine and cardiovascular disease
occurrence in chronic, stable renal transplant recipients: A
3. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment
prospective study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:134-137, 2000
of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive Summary of
16. Mallamaci F, Zoccali C, Tripepi G, et al: Hyperhomo-
the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education
cysteinemia predicts cardiovascular oucomes in hemodialy-
Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation,
sis patients. Kidney Int 61:609-614, 2002
17. Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Paultre F, et al: Strong
and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult
association between malnutrition, inflammation, and athero-
Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486-2497, 2001
sclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 55:1899-1911,
4. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al: Controlling
the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal
18. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T,
disease: What do we know? What do we need to learn?
Wanner C: Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and
Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation
mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 55:648-658,
Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis
19. Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Heimburger M, Heim-
5. United States Renal Data System: USRDS 2000 An-
burger O: Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion mol-
nual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Diseas in the
ecules predict death in pre-dialysis patients: Association
United States (ed 12th Annual Report). Bethesda, MD,
with malnutrition, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.
Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematological Diseases,
Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1624-1630, 2000
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Dis-
20. Yeun JY, Levine RA, Mantadilok V, Kaysen GA:
eases, National Institutes of Health, 2000
C-reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mor-
6. National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of
tality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 35:469-
the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children
and Adolescents. Pediatrics 89:525-584, 1992
21. Haubitz M, Brunkhorst R: C-reactive protein and
7. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK:
chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection—Long-term pre-
Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphate
dictors for cardiovascular disease and survival in patients on
product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients:
peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:809-815,
A national study. Am J Kidney Dis 31:607-617, 1998
8. Ganesh SK, Stack AG, Levin NW, Hulbert-Shearon T,
22. Jungers P, Massy ZA, Nguyen Khoa T, et al: Inci-
Port FK: Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4)
dence and risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality
accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients: A
risk in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol
prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2597-2602,
9. Massy ZA, Chadefaux-Vekemans B, Chevalier A, et
23. Landray MJ, Thambyrajah J, McGlynn FJ, et al:
al: Hyperhomocysteinaemia: A significant risk factor for
Epidemiological evaluation of known and suspected cardio-
cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients. Neph-
vascular risk factors in chronic renal impairment. Am J
10. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Lapane KL, et al: Hyperho-
24. Tonelli M, Bohm C, Pandeya S, Gill J, Levin A,
mocysteinemia and traditional cardiovascular disease risk
Kiberd BA: Cardiac risk factors and the use of cardioprotec-
factors in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis: A
tive medications in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 37:484-489, 2001
case-control study. Atherosclerosis 114:93-103, 1995
25. Levin A, Djurdjev O, Barrett B, et al: Cardiovascular
11. Bostom AG, Shemin D, Verhoef P, et al: Elevated
disease in patients with chronic kidney disease: Getting to
fasting total plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular
the heart of the matter. Am J Kidney Dis 38:1398-1407,
disease outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. A prospec-
tive study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:2554-2558,
26. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on
prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high
12. Jungers P, Chauveau P, Bandin O, et al: Hyperhomo-
blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997
cysteinemia is associated with atherosclerotic occlusive arte-
27. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classifi-
rial accidents in predialysis chronic renal failure patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 23:170-173, 1997
13. Moustapha A, Naso A, Nahlawi M, et al: Prospective
2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
study of hyperhomocysteinemia as an adverse cardiovascu-
American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 41, No 4, Suppl 3 (April), 2003: pp S77-S91
cation of Diabetes Mellitus: American Diabetes Association
43. Holdaas H, Fellstro¨m B, Holme I, et al: Effects of
clinical practice recommendations 2002. Diabetes Care 25:
fluvastatin on cardiac events in renal transplant patients:
ALERT (Assessment of Lescolin Renal Transplantation)
28. Mosca L, Collins P, Herrington DM, et al: Hormone
study design and baseline data. J Cardiovasc Risk 8:63-71,
replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: A statement
for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Asso-
44. Wanner C, Krane V, Ruf G, Marz W, Ritz E: Ratio-
nale and design of a trial improving outcome of type 2
29. US Preventive Services Task Force: Aspirin for the
diabetics on hemodialysis. Die Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse
primary prevention of cardiovascular events: Recommenda-
Studie Investigators. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S222-S226, 1999
tion and rationale. Ann Intern Med 136:157-160, 2002
45. Diercks GF, Janssen WM, van Boven AJ, et al:
30. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al: AHA Dietary
Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a trial of
Guidelines: Revision 2000: A satement for healthcare profes-
prevention of cardiovascular and renal disease with fosino-
sionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart
pril and pravastatin in nonhypertensive, nonhypercholester-
Association. Circulation 102:2284-2299, 2000
olemic subjects with microalbuminuria (the Prevention of
31. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, et al: AHA/ACC
REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease Intervention Trial
Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing
[PREVEND IT]). Am J Cardiol 86:635-638, 2000
heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardio-
46. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S: Effect of statins on
vascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare
risk of coronary disease: A meta-analysis of randomized
professionals from the American Heart Association and the
controlled trials. JAMA 282:2340-2346, 1999
American College of Cardiology. Circulation 104:1577-
47. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, et al: Effect of
pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined
32. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, et al: Primary
by coronary risk factors: The Prospective Pravastatin Pool-
prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare
professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart
48. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Faergeman O,
Association. Circulation 103:163-182, 2001
Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G: Cholesterol lowering with
33. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use
simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with
and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The
coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandina-
Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline
vian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 20:614-
Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives. JAMA 283:
49. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Isch-
34. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol low-
aemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardio-
ering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A
vascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with
randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360:7-22, 2002
coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial choles-
35. Davis BR, Cutler JA, Gordon DJ, et al: Rationale and
terol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in
design for the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treat-
Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med
ment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT
Research Group. Am J Hypertens 9:342-360, 1996
50. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al: Cardiovas-
36. MacMahon M, Kirkpatrick C, Cummings CE, et al: A
cular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic
pilot study with simvastatin and folic acid/vitamin B12 in
and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with
preparation for the Study of the Effectiveness of Additional
average cholesterol levels: Subgroup analyses in the choles-
Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH).
terol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investiga-
Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis 10:195-203, 2000
37. Brown WV: Cholesterol lowering in atherosclerosis.
51. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al:
Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in
38. Gotto AM: Ongoing clinical trials of statins. Am J
acute coronary syndromes: The MIRACL study: A random-
ized controlled trial. JAMA 285:1711-1718, 2001
39. Isaacsohn JL, Davidson MH, Hunninghake D, Singer
52. Goldbourt U, Behar S, Reicher-Reiss H, et al: Ratio-
R, McLain R, Black DM: Aggressive Lipid-Lowering Initia-
nale and design of a secondary prevention trial of increasing
tive Abates New Cardiac Events (ALLIANCE)-rationale
serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reducing
and design of atorvastatin versus usual care in hypercholes-
triglycerides in patients with clinically manifest atheroscle-
terolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Car-
rotic heart disease (the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention
40. Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Belder R, Breen J, Braun-
53. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol
wald E: Design of the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation
and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery
and Infection Therapy (PROVE IT)-TIMI 22 trial. Am J
disease: The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study.
41. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al: The design
54. McCormick LS, Black DM, Waters D, Brown WV,
of a prospective study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk
Pitt B: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a
(PROSPER). Am J Cardiol 84:1192-1197, 1999
trial comparing aggressive lipid lowering with Atorvastatin
42. Steiner G: Lipid intervention trials in diabetes. Diabe-
Versus Revascularization Treatments (AVERT). Am J Car-
55. Design features and baseline characteristics of the
patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian
LIPID (Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Isch-
Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344:1383-1389,
emic Disease) Study: A randomized trial in patients with
previous acute myocardial infarction and/or unstable angina
68. Waters D, Higginson L, Gladstone P, et al: Effects of
monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the
56. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Isch-
progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial
aemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardio-
quantitative arteriography. The Canadian Coronary Athero-
vascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with
sclerosis Intervention Trial. Circulation 89:959-968, 1994
coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial choles-
69. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al: Ex-
terol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in
panded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study:
Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med
Design and patient characteristics of a double-blind, placebo-
controlled study in patients with moderate hypercholesterol-
57. Downs JR, Beere PA, Whitney E, et al: Design &
rationale of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis
70. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al: Ex-
Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol 80:
panded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study
results: Two-year efficacy and safety follow-up. Am J Car-
58. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al: Primary
prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men
71. Ma¨ntta¨ri M, Elo O, Frick MH, et al: The Helsinki
and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of
Heart Study: Basic design and randomization procedure. Eur
AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atheroscle-
rosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279:1615-1622, 1998
72. Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al: Helsinki heart
59. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye´ L, et al: Rationale and
study: Primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-
design of a secondary prevention trial of lowering normal
aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 317:1237-1245,
plasma cholesterol levels after acute myocardial infarction:
The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial (CARE). Am J
73. Ma¨ntta¨ri M, Tiula E, Alikoski T, Manninen V: Effects
of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal
60. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al: The effect of
pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in
74. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al: Regression of
patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and
coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-
Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 335:1001-
lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein
61. West MS, Herd JA, Ballantyne CM, et al: The Li-
75. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Iwane MK, et al: Rationale
poprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS): De-
and design of the Department of Veterans Affairs High-
sign, methods, and baseline data of a trial of fluvastatin in
Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial (HIT) for
patients without severe hypercholesterolemia. Control Clin
secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in men with
low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and desirable low-
62. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study
density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 71:45-52,
Group: A coronary primary prevention study of Scottish men
aged 45-64 years: Trial design. The West of Scotland Coro-
76. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM, et al:
nary Prevention Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol 45:849-860,
Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy. The
Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). The
63. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al: Prevention of
MARS Research Group. Ann Intern Med 119:969-976, 1993
coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hyper-
77. Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: The
cholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study
Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet 344:633-
64. Jukema JW, Bruschke AV, van Boven AJ, et al:
78. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, et al: Effects of
Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and
intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary athero-
regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men
sclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with
with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol lev-
coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Inter-
els. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (RE-
vention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 89:975-990, 1994
79. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density
65. Pitt B, Mancini GB, Ellis SG, Rosman HS, Park JS,
lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation
McGovern ME: Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in
on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery
the coronary arteries (PLAC I): Reduction in atherosclerosis
bypass grafts. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial
progression and clinical events PLAC I investigation. J Am
Investigators. N Engl J Med 336:153-162, 1997
80. Bestehorn HP, Rensing UF, Roskamm H, et al: The
66. Design and baseline results of the Scandinavian Sim-
effect of simvastatin on progression of coronary artery
vastatin Survival Study of patients with stable angina and/or
disease. The Multicenter coronary Intervention Study (CIS).
previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 71:393-400,
81. Frick MH, Syvanne M, Nieminen MS, et al: Preven-
67. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444
tion of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-
graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass
risk factors in survival of hemodialyzed patients. Am J
surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid
Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group. Circu-
98. Fujisawa M, Haramaki R, Miyazaki H, Imaizumi T,
Okuda S: Role of lipoprotein (a) and TGF-beta 1 in athero-
82. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-
sclerosis of hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:
artery disease in type 2 diabetes: The Diabetes Atherosclero-
sis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet 357:905-
99. Webb AT, Brown EA: Prevalence of symptomatic
arterial disease and risk factors for its development in
83. Albert MA, Staggers J, Chew P, Ridker PM: The
patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit
pravastatin inflammation CRP evaluation (PRINCE): Ratio-
nale and design. Am Heart J 141:893-898, 2001
100. Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Tselepis A, Bairaktari E,
84. Seliger SL, Weiss NS, Gillen DL, et al: HMG-CoA
Karabina SA, Siamopoulos KC: Apolipoprotein(a) pheno-
reductase inhibitors are associated with reduced mortality in
types and lipoprotein(a) concentrations in patients with renal
ESRD patients. Kidney Int 61:297-304, 2002
failure. Am J Kidney Dis 33:1100-1106, 1999
85. Lowrie EG, Lew NL: Death risk in hemodialysis
101. Kimak E, Solski J, Janicka L, Ksaziek A, Janicki K:
patients: The predictive value of commonly measured vari-
Concentration of Lp(a) and other apolipoproteins in predialy-
ables and an evaluation of death rate differences between
sis, hemodialysis, chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 15:458-482, 1990
and post-transplant patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 38:421-
86. Lowrie EG, Lew NL: Commonly measured labora-
tory variables in hemodialysis patients: Relationships among
102. Maggi E, Bellazzi R, Falaschi F, et al: Enhanced
them and to death risk. Semin Nephrol 12:276-283, 1992
LDL oxidation in uremic patients: An additional mechanism
87. Iseki K, Yamazato M, Tozawa M, Takishita S: Hypo-
for accelerated atherosclerosis? Kidney Int 45:876-883, 1994
cholesterolemia is a significant predictor of death in a cohort
103. Maggi E, Bellazzi R, Gazo A, Seccia M, Bellomo G:
of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 61:1887-1893,
Autoantibodies against oxidatively-modified LDL in uremic
patients undergoing dialysis. Kidney Int 46:869-876, 1994
88. Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS, et al: Interleu-
104. Koniger M, Quaschning T, Wanner C, Schollmeyer
kin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and
P, Kramer-Guth A: Abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism
mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 32:107-
in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S248-S250,
89. Cheung AK, Sarnak MJ, Yan G, et al: Atherosclerotic
105. Ziouzenkova O, Asatryan L, Akmal M, et al: Oxida-
cardiovascular disease risks in chronic hemodialysis pa-
tive cross-linking of ApoB100 and hemoglobin results in
low density lipoprotein modification in blood. Relevance to
90. Kronenberg F, Neyer U, Lhotta K, et al: The low
atherogenesis caused by hemodialysis. J Biol Chem 274:
molecular weight apo(a) phenotype is an independent predic-
tor for coronary artery disease in hemodialysis patients: A
106. O’Byrne D, Devaraj S, Islam KN, et al: Low-density
prospective follow-up. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1027-1036,
lipoprotein (LDL)-induced monocyte-endothelial cell adhe-
sion, soluble cell adhesion molecules, and autoantibodies to
91. Cressman MD, Heyka RJ, Paganini EP, O’Neil J,
Skibinski CI, Hoff HF: Lipoprotein(a) is an independent risk
oxidized-LDL in chronic renal failure patients on dialysis
factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.
107. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T, et al: Secondary
92. Stack AG, Bloembergen WE: Prevalence and clinical
prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in
correlates of coronary artery disease among new dialysis
endstage renal disease (SPACE): Randomised placebo-
patients in the United States: A cross-sectional study. J Am
controlled trial. Lancet 356:1213-1218, 2000
108. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F,
93. Koda Y, Nishi S, Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y: Lipopro-
Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ: Randomised controlled trial
tein(a) is a predictor for cardiovascular mortality of hemodi-
of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge
alysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S251-S253, 1999
Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 347:781-786,
94. Degoulet P, Legrain M, Re¨ach I, et al: Mortality risk
factors in patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. Report
109. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al: Randomised
of the Diaphane collaborative study. Nephron 31:103-110,
trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on
incidence of major coronary events in men with previous
95. Iseki K, Uehara H, Nishime K, et al: Impact of the
myocardial infraction. Lancet 349:1715-1720, 1997
initial levels of laboratory variables on survival in chronic
110. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza
dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28:541-548, 1996
nell’Infarto miocardico: Dietary supplementation with n-3
96. Goldwasser P, Michel MA, Collier J, et al: Prealbu-
polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial
min and lipoprotein(a) in hemodialysis: Relationships with
infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo
patient and vascular access survival. Am J Kidney Dis
Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto mio-
97. Kimura G, Tomita J, Nakamura S, Uzu T, Inenaga T:
111. Leppala JM, Virtamo J, Fogelholm R, et al: Con-
Interaction between hypertension and other cardiovascular
trolled trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supple-
ments on stroke incidence and mortality in male smokers.
Wanner C, Kramer-Guth A: Immunosuppression enhances
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:230-235, 2000
atherogenicity of lipid profile after transplantation. Kidney
112. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P:
Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in
128. Kasiske BL, Guijarro C, Massy ZA, Wiederkehr
high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evalua-
MR, Ma JZ: Cardiovascular disease after renal transplanta-
tion Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:154-160, 2000
113. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention
129. Aker S, Ivens K, Grabensee B, Heering P: Cardiovas-
Project: Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardio-
cular risk factors and diseases after renal transplantation. Int
vascular risk. A randomised trial in general practice. Collabo-
rative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet
130. Aakhus S, Dahl K, Widerøe TE: Cardiovascular
morbidity and risk factors in renal transplant patients. Neph-
114. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al: Simvastatin
and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the
131. Kasiske BL, Chakkera H, Roel J: Explained and
prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 345:1583-
unexplained ischemic heart disease risk after renal transplan-
tation. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1735-1743, 2000
115. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J: The MRC/BHF Heart
132. Ong CS, Pollock CA, Caterson RJ, Mahony JF,
Protection Study: Preliminary results. Int J Clin Pract 56:53-
Waugh DA, Ibels LS: Hyperlipidemia in renal transplant
recipients: Natural history and response to treatment. Medi-
116. Nestel PJ, Fidge NH, Tan MH: Increased lipoprotein-
remnant formation in chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med
133. Barbagallo CM, Pinto A, Gallo S, et al: Carotid
atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients: Relationships
117. Ron D, Oren I, Aviram M, Better OS, Brook JG:
with cardiovascular risk factors and plasma lipoproteins.
Accumulation of lipoprotein remnants in patients with
chronic renal failure. Atherosclerosis 46:67-75, 1983
134. Roodnat JI, Mulder PG, Zietse R, et al: Cholesterol
118. Senti M, Romero R, Pedro-Botet J, Pelegri A, Nogues
as an independent predictor of outcome after renal transplan-
X, Rubies-Prat J: Lipoprotein abnormalities in hyperlipid-
tation. Transplantation 69:1704-1710, 2000
emic and normolipidemic men on hemodialysis with chronic
135. Massy ZA, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, Chevalier A, et al:
renal failure. Kidney Int 41:1394-1399, 1992
Carotid atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. Neph-
119. Cheung AK, Wu LL, Kablitz C, Leypoldt JK: Athero-
genic lipids and lipoproteins in hemodialysis patients. Am J
136. Biesenbach G, Margreiter R, Konigsrainer A, et al:
Comparison of progression of macrovascular diseases after
120. Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T, et al: Intermedi-
kidney or pancreas and kidney transplantation in diabetic
ate-density lipoprotein as an independent risk factor for
patients with end-stage renal disease. Diabetologia 43:231-
aortic atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc
137. Scanferla F, Toffoletto PP, Roncali D, Bazzato G:
121. Oi K, Hirano T, Sakai S, Kawaguchi Y, Hosoya T:
Associated effect of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coen-
Role of hepatic lipase in intermediate-density lipoprotein
zyme A reductase ϩ angiotensin converting enzyme inhibi-
and small, dense low-density lipoprotein formation in hemo-
tors on the progression of renal failure in hypertensive
dialysis patients. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S227-S228, 1999
122. Hirany S, O’Byrne D, Devaraj S, Jialal I: Remnant-
138. Hommel E, Andersen P, Gall M-A, et al: Plasma
like particle-cholesterol concentrations in patients with type
lipoproteins and renal function during simvastatin treatment
2 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease. Clin Chem
in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 35:447-451, 1992
139. Nielsen S, Schmitz O, Møller N, et al: Renal func-
123. Deighan CJ, Caslake MJ, McConnell M, Boulton-
tion and insulin sensitivity during simvastatin treatment in
Jones JM, Packard CJ: Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in
Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with mi-
end-stage renal failure: Origin and extent of small dense
croalbuminuria. Diabetologia 36:1079-1086, 1993
low-density lipoprotein formation. Am J Kidney Dis 35:852-
140. Thomas ME, Harris KPG, Ramaswamy C, et al:
Simvastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemic patients with
124. Olivares J, Cruz C, Gas JM, et al: Evolution of lipid
nephrotic syndrome or significant proteinuria. Kidney Int
profiles in long-term peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial
141. Aranda Arcas JL, Sanchez R, Guijarro C, et al:
125. Ghanem H, van den Dorpel MA, Weimar W, Man in
[Effect of pravastatin on hypercholesterolemia associated
’t Veld AJ, El-kannishy MH, Jansen H: Increased low
with proteinuria]. An Med Interna 11:523-527, 1994
density lipoprotein oxidation in stable kidney transplant
142. Lam KSL, Cheng IKP, Janus ED, Pang RWC: Cho-
lesterol-lowering therapy may retard the progression of
126. van den Dorpel MA, Ghanem H, Rischen-Vos J,
diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 38:604-609, 1995
Man in ’t Veld AJ, Jansen H, Weimar W: Conversion from
143. Rayner BL, Byrne MJ, van Zyl Smit R: A prospec-
cyclosporine A to azathioprine treatment improves LDL
tive clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic
oxidation in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 51:1608-
membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with
simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone. Clin Nephrol 46:219-
127. Quaschning T, Mainka T, Nauck M, Rump LC,
144. Smulders YM, Van Eeden AE, Stehouwer CDA,
160. Gall M-A, Nielsen FS, Smidt UM, Parving H-H:
Weijers RNM, Slaats EH, Silberbusch J: Can reduction in
The course of kidney function in type 2 (non-insulin-
hypertriglyceridemia slow progression of microalbuminuria
dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Dia-
in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
161. Locatelli F, Alberti D, Graziani G, Buccianti G,
145. Tonolo G, Ciccarese M, Brizzi P, et al: Reduction of
Redaelli B, Giangrande: Prospective, randomised, multicen-
albumin excretion rate in normotensive microalbumiuric
tre trial of effect of protein restriction on progression of
type 2 diabetic pateints during long-term simvastatin treat-
chronic renal insufficiency. Northern Italian Cooperative
146. Olbricht CJ, Wanner C, Thiery J, Basten A, for the
162. Dillon JJ: The quantitative relationship between
Simvastatin in Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group: Simvasta-
treated blood pressure and progression of diabetic renal
tin in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl 71:S113-S116,
disease. Am J Kidney Dis 22:798-802, 1993
163. Biesenbach G, Janko O, Zazgornik J: Similar rate of
147. Nishimura M, Sasaki T, Oishi A, et al: Angiotensin
progression in the predialysis phase in type I and type II
converting enzyme inhibitor and probucol suppress time-
diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9:1097-1102,
dependent increase in urinary type IV collagen excretion of
NIDDM with early nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:
164. Toth T, Takebayashi S: Factors contributing to the
outcome in 100 adult patients with idiopathic membranous
148. Buemi M, Allegra A, Corica F, et al: Effect of
glomerulonephritis. Int Urol Nephrol 26:93-106, 1994
fluvastatin on proteinuria in patients with immunoglobulin A
165. Sentı´ M, Romero R, Pedro-Botet J, Pelegrı´ A, Nogue´s
nephropathy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 67:427-431, 2000
X, Rubie´s-Prat J: Lipoprotein abnormalities in hyperlipid-
149. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL: The effect of
emic and normolipidemic men on hemodialysis with chronic
lipid reduction on renal disease progression: A meta-
renal failure. Kidney Int 41:1394-1399, 1992
166. Hernandez E, Praga M, Alamo C, et al: Lipopro-
150. Walker WG: Hypertension-related renal injury: A
tein(a) and vascular access survival in patients on chronic
major contributor to end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney
167. Avram MM, Antignani A, Goldwasser P, et al:
151. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, et al: Predictors
Lipids in diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis and CAPD
of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of
Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 51:1908-1919, 1997
168. Parra HJ, Cachera C, Equagoo K, Dracon M, Fru-
152. Ravid M, Brosh D, Ravid-Safran D, Levy Z, Rach-
chart JC, Tacquet A: Quantitative abnormalities of lipopro-
mani R: Main risk factors for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
tein particles in chronic hemodialysis patients. Adv Exp
mellitus are plasma cholesterol levels, mean blood pressure,
and hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med 158:998-1004, 1998
169. Aakhus S, Dahl K, Widerøe TE: Hyperlipidaemia in
153. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshank KJ,
renal transplant patients. J Intern Med 239:407-415, 1996
Brazy PC: The 10-year incidence of renal insufficiency in
170. Gonyea JE, Anderson CF: Weight change and serum
people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:743-751,
lipoproteins in recipients of renal allografts. Mayo Clin Proc
154. Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving
H-H: Progression of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 59:702-
171. Brown JH, Murphy BG, Douglas AF, et al: Influence
of immunosuppressive therapy on lipoprotein(a) and other
155. Massy ZA, Khoa TN, Lacour B, Descamps-Latscha
lipoproteins following renal transplantation. Nephron 75:277-
B, Man NK, Jungers P: Dyslipidaemia and the progression
of renal disease in chronic renal failure patients. Nephrol
172. Moore R, Thomas D, Morgan E, et al: Abnormal
lipid and lipoprotein profiles following renal transplantation.
156. Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Knight-Gibson C, et al:
Plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) do not reflect progression of
173. Querfeld U, LeBoeuf RC, Salusky IB, Nelson P,
human chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:
Laidlaw S, Fine RN: Lipoproteins in children treated with
continuous peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Res 29:155-159, 1991
157. Yokoyama H, Tomonaga O, Hirayama M, et al:
174. Querfeld U, Lang M, Friedrich JB, Kohl B, Fiehn
Predictors of the progression of diabetic nephropathy and
W, Scharer K: Lipoprotein(a) serum levels and apolipopro-
the beneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibi-
tein(a) phenotypes in children with chronic renal disease.
tors in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 40:405-411, 1997
158. Samuelsson O, Mulec H, Knight-Gibson C, et al:
175. Scolnik D, Balfe JW: Initial hypoalbuminemia and
Lipoprotein abnormalities are associated with increased rate
hyperlipidemia persist during chronic peritoneal dialysis in
of progression of human chronic renal insufficiency. Neph-
children. Perit Dial Int 13:136-139, 1993
176. Querfeld U, Salusky IB, Nelson P, Foley J, Fine RN:
159. Nielsen S, Schmitz A, Rehling M, Mogensen CE:
Hyperlipidemia in pediatric patients undergoing peritoneal
The clinical course of renal function in NIDDM patients
dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2:447-452, 1988
with normo- and microalbuminuria. J Intern Med 241:133-
177. Broyer M, Niaudet P, Champion G, Jean G, Chopin
N, Czernichow P: Nutritional and metabolic studies in
children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kid-
cholesterol (LDL-C) in hemodialysis patients. Clin Biochem
178. Bakkaloglu SA, Ekim M, Tumer N, Soylu K: The
194. Sentı´ M, Pedro-Botet J, Nogue¨s X, Rubie¨s-Prat J:
effect of CAPD on the lipid profile of pediatric patients. Perit
Influence of intermediate-density lipoproteins on the accu-
racy of the Friedewald formula. Clin Chem 37:1394-1397,
179. Silverstein DM, Palmer J, Polinsky MS, Braas C,
Conley SB, Baluarte HJ: Risk factors for hyperlipidemia in
195. Ticho BS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Harris N,
long-term pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Neph-
Baker A, Rifai N: Utility of direct measurement of low-
density lipoprotein cholesterol in dyslipidemic pediatric
180. Goldstein S, Duhamel G, Laudat MH, et al: Plasma
patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:787-791, 1998
lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins AI, AII, and B in
196. Gore JM, Goldberg RJ, Matsumoto AS, Castelli WP,
renal transplanted children: What risk for accelerated athero-
McNamara PM, Dalen JE: Validity of serum total choles-
terol level obtained within 24 hours of acute myocardial
181. Van Gool S, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Cobbaert C,
infarction. Am J Cardiol 54:722-725, 1984
Proesmans W, Eggermont E: Lipid and lipoprotein abnormali-
197. Ryder REJ, Hayes TM, Mulligan IP, Kingswood JC,
ties in children on hemodialysis and after renal transplanta-
Willimas S, Owens DR: How soon after myocardial infarc-
tion should plasma lipid values be assessed? BMJ 289:1651-
182. Milliner DS, Morgenstern BZ, Murphy M, Gonyea
J, Sterioff S: Lipid levels following renal transplantation in
198. Henkin Y, Crystal E, Goldberg Y, et al: Usefulness
pediatric recipients. Transplant Proc 26:112-114, 1994
of lipoprotein changes during acute coronary syndromes for
183. Singh A, Tejani C, Benfield M, Tejani A: Sequential
predicting postdischarge lipoprotein levels. Am J Cardiol
analysis of the lipid profile of children post-renal transplan-
tation. Pediatr Transplant 2:216-223, 1998
199. Mendez I, Hachinski V, Wolfe B: Serum lipids after
184. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ: Clinical epidemi-
200. Gallin JI, Kaye D, O’Leary WM: Serum lipids in
ology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease.
infection. N Engl J Med 281:1081-1086, 1969
Am J Kidney Dis 32:S112-S119, 1998 (suppl 3)
201. Alvarez C, Ramos A: Lipids, lipoproteins, and apo-
185. Parekh RS, Carroll CE, Wolfe RA, Port FK: Cardio-
proteins in serum during infection. Clin Chem 32:142-145,
vascular mortality in children and young adults with end-
stage kidney disease. J Pediatr 141:191-197, 2002
202. Sammalkorpi K, Valtonen V, Kerttula Y, Nikkila¨ E,
186. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, et al: Preva-
Taskinen M-R: Changes in serum lipoprotein pattern in-
lence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young
duced by acute infections. Metabolism 37:859-865, 1988
adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological
203. Figueroa O, Franco-Saenz R, Mulrow PJ, Mon-
Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA
tesinos E: Changes in cholesterol levels after coronary artery
bypass surgery. Am J Med Sci 303:73-77, 1992
187. Antikainen M, Sariola H, Rapola J, Taskinen M-R,
204. Aufenanger J, Walter H, Kattermann R: [Studies of
Holtho¨fer H, Holmberg C: Pathology of renal arteries of
lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in man after surgical inter-
dyslipidemic children with congenital nephrosis. APMIS
ventions]. Langenbecks Arch Chir 378:41-48, 1993
205. Akgun S, Ertel NH, Mosenthal A, Oser W: Postsur-
188. Nayir A, Bilge I, Kilicaslan I, Ander H, Emre S,
gical reduction of serum lipoproteins: Interleukin-6 and the
Sirin A: Arterial changes in paediatric haemodialysis pa-
acute-phase response. J Lab Clin Med 131:103-108, 1998
tients undergoing renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Trans-
206. Dominguez-Munoz JE, Malfertheiner P, Ditschuneit
HH, et al: Hyperlipidemia in acute pancreatitis. Relationship
189. Olson RE: Atherogenesis in children: Implications
with etiology, onset, and severity of the disease. Int J
for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Adv Pediatr 47:55-78,
207. Glueck CJ, Lang J, Hamer T, Tracy T: Severe
190. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: The Lipid
hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis when estrogen replace-
Research Clinics Population Studies Data Book: Volume
ment therapy is given to hypertriglyceridemic women. J Lab
1—The Prevalence Study. Bethesda, MD, US Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National
208. Kasiske BL, Heim-Duthoy KL: Transient reductions
Institute of Health, NIH Pub. No. 80-1527, July 1980
in serum cholesterol after renal transplantation. Am J Kid-
191. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS: Estima-
tion of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein choles-
209. Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, et al:
terol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentri-
Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal
transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:S1, 2000
192. Nauck M, Kramer-Guth A, Bartens W, Marz W,
210. Johnson C, Ahsan N, Gonwa T, et al: Randomized
Wieland H, Wanner C: Is the determination of LDL choles-
trial of tacrolimus (Prograf) in combination with azathio-
terol according to Friedewald accurate in CAPD and HD
prine or mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (Ne-
oral) with mycophenolate mofetil after cadaveric kidney
193. Bairaktari E, Elisaf M, Tzallas C, et al: Evaluation
transplantation. Transplantation 69:834-841, 2000
of five methods for determining low-density lipoprotein
211. McCune TR, Thacker LRII, Peters TG, et al: Effects
of tacrolimus on hyperlipidemia after successful renal trans-
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Athero-
plantation: A Southeastern Organ Procurement Foundation
multicenter clinical study. Transplantation 65:87-92, 1998
227. Verges BL: Dyslipidaemia in diabetes mellitus. Re-
212. Vanrenterghem Y, Lebranchu Y, Hene´, R, Oppenhei-
view of the main lipoprotein abnormalities and their conse-
mer F, Ekberg, H: Double-blind comparison of two cortico-
quences on the development of atherogenesis. Diabet Metab
steroid regimens plus mycophenolate mofetil and cyclspo-
rine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection.
228. Best JD, O’Neal DN: Diabetic dyslipidaemia: Cur-
rent treatment recommendations. Drugs 59:1101-1111, 2000
213. Curtis JJ, Galla JH, Woodford SY, Lucas BA, Luke
229. Betteridge DJ: Diabetic dyslipidaemia. Diabet Obes
RG: Effect of alternate-day prednisone on plasma lipids in
renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 22:42-47, 1982
230. Avogaro P, Cazzolato G: Changes in the composi-
214. Hollander AA, Hene RJ, Hermans J, Van Es LA, van
tion and physico-chemical characteristics of serum lipopro-
der Woude FJ: Late prednisone withdrawal in cyclosporine-
teins during ethanol-induced lipaemia in alcoholic subjects.
treated kidney transplant patients: A randomized study. J Am
231. Castelli WP, Doyle JT, Gordon T, et al: Alcohol and
215. Hilbrands LB, Demacker PN, Hoitsma AJ, Stalen-
blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study.
hoef AF, Koene RA: The effects of cyclosporine and pred-
nisone on serum lipid and (apo)lipoprotein levels in renal
232. Lifton L, Scheig R: Ethanol-induced hypertriglycer-
transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2073-2081, 1995
idemia. Prevalence and contributing factors. Am J Clin Nutr
216. John GT, Dakshinamurthy DS, Jeyaseelan L, Jacob
CK: The effect of cyclosporin A on plasma lipids during the
233. Marth E, Cazzolato G, Bittolo BG, Avogaro P,
first year after renal transplantation. Natl Med J India 12:14-
Kostner GM: Serum concentrations of Lp(a) and other
lipoprotein parameters in heavy alcohol consumers. AnnNutr Metab 26:56-62, 1982
217. Ingram AJ, Parbtani A, Churchill DN: Effects of two
234. Taskinen MR, Nikkila EA, Valimaki M, et al: Alco-
low-flux cellulose acetate dialysers on plasma lipids and
hol-induced changes in serum lipoproteins and in their
lipoproteins—A cross-over trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant
235. Seidel D: Hyperlipoproteinemias and liver disease.
218. Joven J, Villabona C, Vilella E, Masana L, Albertı´ R,
Valle¨s M: Abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism in pa-
236. Muller P, Felin R, Lambrecht J, et al: Hypertriglyc-
tients with the nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 323:579-
eridaemia secondary to liver disease. Eur J Clin Invest
219. Joven J, Espinel E, Simo JM, Vilella E, Camps J,
237. Iglesias A, Arranz M, Alvarez JJ, et al: Cholesteryl
Oliver A: The influence of hypoalbuminemia in the genera-
ester transfer activity in liver disease and cholestasis, and its
tion of nephrotic hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 126:243-
relation with fatty acid composition of lipoprotein lipids.
220. Kaysen GA, Don B, Schambelan M: Proteinuria,
238. Flynn WJ, Freeman PG, Wickboldt LG: Pancreatitis
albumin synthesis and hyperlipidaemia in the nephrotic
associated with isotretinoin-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:141-149, 1991
221. Warwick GL, Packard CJ, Demant T, Bedford DK,
239. Tangrea JA, Adrianza E, Helsel WE, et al: Clinical
Boulton-Jones JM, Shepherd J: Metabolism of apolipopro-
and laboratory adverse effects associated with long-term,
tein B-containing lipoproteins in subjects with nephrotic-
low-dose isotretinoin: Incidence and risk factors. The Isotreti-
range proteinuria. Kidney Int 40:129-138, 1991
noin-Basal Cell Carcinomas Study Group. Cancer Epide-
222. Stenvinkel P, Berglund L, Ericsson S, Alvestrand A,
Angelin B, Eriksson M: Low-density lipoprotein metabo-
240. Koistinen HA, Remitz A, Gylling H, Miettinen TA,
lism and its association to plasma lipoprotein(a) in the
Koivisto VA, Ebeling P: Dyslipidemia and a reversible
nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 27:169-177, 1997
decrease in insulin sensitivity induced by therapy with
223. Demant T, Mathes C, Gu¨tlich K, et al: A simulta-
13-cis-retinoic acid. Diabetes Metabol Res Rev 17:391-395,
neous study of the metabolism of apolipoprotein B and
albumin in nephrotic patients. Kidney Int 54:2064-2080,
241. Luoma PV, Myllyla VV, Sotaniemi EA, Hokkanen
TE: Plasma HDL cholesterol in epileptics with elevated
224. O’Brien T, Dinneen SF, O’Brien PC, Palumbo PJ:
triglyceride and cholesterol. Acta Neurol Scand 60:56-63,
Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary
hypothyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc 68:860-866, 1993
242. Verrotti A, Domizio S, Angelozzi B, Sabatino G,
225. Tsimihodimos V, Bairaktari E, Tzallas C, Miltiadus
Morgese G, Chiarelli F: Changes in serum lipids and lipopro-
G, Liberopoulos E, Elisaf M: The incidence of thyroid
teins in epileptic children treated with anticonvulsants. J
function abnormalities in patients attending an outpatient
243. Papacostas S: Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine
226. Morris MS, Bostom AG, Jacques PF, Selhub J,
treatment and induction of serum lipid abnormalities. J Child
Rosenberg IH: Hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholester-
olemia associated with hypothyroidism in the third US
244. Dube MP, Sprecher D, Henry WK, et al: Preliminary
guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipide-
sporine. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group.
mia in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus
and receiving antiretroviral therapy: Recommendations of
259. Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM, Pownall HJ, et al:
the Adult AIDS Clinical Trial Group Cardiovascular Disease
Effect of sirolimus on the metabolism of ApoB100-contain-
Focus Group. Clin Infect Dis 31:1216-1224, 2000
ing lipoproteins in renal transplant patients. Transplantation
245. Vergis EN, Paterson DL, Wagener MM, Swindells
S, Singh N: Dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients: Associa-
260. Vierhapper H, Nardi A, Grosser P, Raber W, Gessl
tion with adherence to potent antiretroviral therapy. Int J
A: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in subclinical hypo-
246. Rakotoambinina B, Medioni J, Rabian C, Jubault V,
261. Laszlo A, Simon M: Serum lipid and lipoprotien
Jais JP, Viard JP: Lipodystrophic syndromes and hyperlipid-
levels in premature ageing syndrome: Total lipodystrophy
emia in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients receiving triple
and Cockayne syndrome. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 5:189-196,
combination antiretroviral therapy with a protease inhibitor.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 27:443-449, 2001
262. Huemer C, Kitson H, Malleson PN, et al: Lipodys-
247. Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil RSN, Louis TA: Effects of
trophy in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis—Evalua-
antihypertensive agents on serum lipids. Ann Intern Med
tion of clinical and metabolic abnormalities. J Rheumatol
248. Webb OL, Laskarzewski PM, Glueck CJ: Severe
263. Evliyaoglu O, Berberoglu M, Ocal G, Adiyaman P,
depression of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in
Aycan Z: Severe hypercalcemia of an infant due to vitamin
weight lifters and body builders by self-administered exog-
D toxicity associated with hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr
enous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Metabol
264. Jordan SC: Cardiac lesions in children with “hyper-
249. Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Sady SP, et al: Con-
calcaemic” facies. Bristol Med Chir J 84:121-123, 1969
trasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum
265. Levy E, Thibault L, Roy CC, Letarte J, Lambert M,
lipoprotein levels. JAMA 261:1165-1168, 1989
Seidman EG: Mechanisms of hypercholesterolaemia in gly-
250. Teruel JL, Lasuncion MA, Rivera M, et al: Nan-
cogen storage disease type I: Defective metabolism of low
drolone decanoate reduces serum lipoprotein(a) concentra-
density lipoprotein in cultured skin fibroblasts. Eur J Clin
tions in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 29:569-575,
266. Levy E, Thibault LA, Roy CC, Bendayan M, Lep-
251. Castelo-Branco C, Vicente JJ, Figueras F, et al:
age G, Letar J: Circulating lipids and lipoproteins in glyco-
Comparative effects of estrogens plus androgens and tibo-
gen storage disease type I with nocturnal intragastric feed-
lone on bone, lipid pattern and sexuality in postmenopausal
267. Forget PP, Fernandes J, Begemann PH: Triglyceride
252. van Stiphout WA, Grobbee DE, Hofman A, de
clearing in glycogen storage disease. Pediatr Res 8:114-119,
Bruijn AM: Do oral contraceptives increase blood pressure
and serum total cholesterol in young women? Prev Med
268. Fernandes J, Pikaar NA: Hyperlipidemia in children
with liver glycogen disease. Am J Clin Nutr 22:617-627,
253. Flint PM, Lapane KL, Barbour MM, Derby CA,
Carleton RA, Hume AL: Cardiovascular risk profiles of oral
contraceptive users and nonusers: A population-based study.
269. Tazawa Y, Yamada M, Nakagawa M, Konno T, Tada
K: Biliary lipid compositions in cholestatic diseases of
254. Connelly PW, Stachenko S, MacLean DR, Petraso-
vits A, Little JA: The prevalence of hyperlipidemia in
270. Robberecht E, Koletzko B, Christophe A: Several
women and its association with use of oral contraceptives,
mechanisms contribute to the abnormal fatty acid composi-
sex hormone replacement therapy and nonlipid coronary
tion of serum phospholipids and cholesterol esters in choles-
artery disease risk factors. Canadian Heart Health Surveys
tatic children with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Prostaglan-
Research Group. Can J Cardiol 15:419-427, 1999
dins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 56:199-204, 1997
255. Kupin W, Venkat KK, Oh HK, Dienst S: Complete
271. Mordasini R, Klose G, Greten H: Secondary type II
replacement of methylprednisolone by azathioprine in cyclo-
hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with anorexia nervosa. Me-
sporine-treated primary cadaveric renal transplant recipi-
272. Halmi K, Fry M: Serum lipids in anorexia nervosa.
256. Ingulli E, Tejani A, Markell M: The beneficial ef-
fects of steroid withdrawal on blood pressure and lipid
273. Szamosi T, Szollar J, Meggyesi V, Wilhelm O,
profile in children posttransplantation in the cyclosporine
Bodanszky H, Matyus J: Serum cholesterol and triglyceride
levels in progeria: a model of ageing. Mech Ageing Dev
257. Hricik DE, Mayes JT, Schulak JA: Independent
effects of cyclosporine and prednisone on posttransplant
274. Macnamara BG, Farn KT, Mitra AK, Lloyd JK,
hypercholesterolemia. Am J Kidney Dis 18:353-358, 1991
Fosbrooke A: Progeria. Case report with long-term studies
258. Groth CG, Backman L, Morales JM, et al: Sirolimus
of serum lipids. Arch Dis Child 45:553-560, 1970
(rapamycin)-based therapy in human renal transplantation:
275. Petri M, Spence D, Bone LR, Hochberg MC: Coro-
Similar efficacy and different toxicity compared with cyclo-
nary artery disease risk factors in the Johns Hopkins Lupus
Cohort: Prevalence, recognition by patients, and preventive
Therapeutic benefits of exercise training for hemodialysis
patients. Kidney Int Suppl 16:S303-S309, 1983
276. Sondheimer HM, Lorts A: Cardiac involvement in
292. Soroka N, Silverberg DS, Greemland M, et al:
inflammatory disease: Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheu-
Comparison of a vegetable-based (soya) and an animal-
matic fever, and Kawasaki disease. Adolesc Med 12:69-78,
based low-protein diet in predialysis chronic renal failure
277. Rutsky EA, Robards M, Van Dyke JA, Rostand SG:
293. Khajehdehi P: Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile
Acute pancreatitis in patients with end-stage renal disease
of patients on regular hemodialysis. Scand J Urol Nephrol
without transplantation. Arch Intern Med 146:1741-1745,
294. Khajehdehi P: Lipid-lowering effect of polyunsatu-
278. Padilla B, Pollak VE, Pesce A, Kant KS, Gilinsky
rated fatty acids in hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 10:191-
NH, Deddens JA: Pancreatitis in patients with end-stage
295. Seri S, D’Alessandro A, Acitelli S, Giammaria U,
279. Keilani T, Schlueter WA, Levin ML, Batlle DC:
Cocchi M, Noble RC: Effect of dietary supplementation by
Improvement of lipid abnormalities associated with protein-
alternative oils on blood lipid levels of haemodialysed
uria using fosinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitor. Ann Intern Med 118:246-254, 1993
296. Schrader J, Stibbe W, Armstrong VW, et al: Compari-
280. Ravid M, Neumann L, Lishner M: Plasma lipids and
son of low molecular weight heparin to standard heparin in
the progression of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus type II:
hemodialysis/hemofiltration. Kidney Int 33:890-896, 1988
Effect of ACE inhibitors. Kidney Int 47:907-910, 1995
297. Kronenberg F, Konig P, Lhotta K, Steinmetz A,
281. Schnack C, Hoffmann W, Hopmeier P, Schernthaner
Dieplinger H: Low molecular weight heparin does not
G: Renal and metabolic effects of 1-year treatment with
necessarily reduce lipids and lipoproteins in hemodialysis
ramipril or atenolol in NIDDM patients with microalbumin-
298. Saltissi D, Morgan C, Westhuyzen J, Healy H:
282. Agardh CD, Garcia-Puig J, Charbonnel B, An-
Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin
gelkort B, Barnett AH: Greater reduction of urinary albumin
sodium) and standard unfractionated heparin for haemodialy-
excretion in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with
sis anticoagulation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:2698-2703,
incipient nephropathy by lisinopril than by nifedipine. J
299. Blankestijn PJ, Vos PF, Rabelink TJ, van Rijn HJ,
283. Coggins CH, Dwyer JT, Greene T, Petot G, Snetse-
Jansen H, Koomans HA: High-flux dialysis membranes
laar LG, Van Lente F: Serum lipid changes associated with
improve lipid profile in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am
modified protein diets: results from the feasibility phase of
the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Am J
300. Golper TA, Wolfson M, Ahmad S, et al: Multicenter
trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. I.
284. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnal-
Carnitine concentrations and lipid effects. Kidney Int 38:904-
agadda S, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of the National Choles-
terol Education Program’s Step I and Step II dietary interven-
301. Weschler A, Aviram M, Levin M, Better OS, Brook
tion programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A
JG: High dose of L-carnitine increases platelet aggregation
meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 69:632-646, 1999
and plasma triglyceride levels in uremic patients on hemodi-
285. National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Out-
comes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Clinical Practice Guide-
302. Nilsson-Ehle P, Cederblad G, Fagher B, Monti M,
lines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney
Thysell H: Plasma lipoproteins, liver function and glucose
metabolism in haemodialysis patients: Lack of effect of
286. Physical activity and cardiovascular health. NIH
L-carnitine supplementation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 45:179-
Consensus Development Panel on Physical Activity and
Cardiovascular Health. JAMA 276:241-246, 1996
303. Giorcelli G, Vacha G, Icardi GP: Drug treatment of
287. Castaneda C, Grossi L, Dwyer J: Potential benefits
hypertriglyceridaemia in chronic uraemic patients: Prelimi-
of resistance exercise training on nutritional status in renal
nary report on D,L-carnitine and thiadenol. Proc Eur Dial
288. Wenger NK: Lipid metabolism, physical activity,
304. Casciani CU, Caruso U, Cravotto E, et al: L-
and postmenopausal hormone therapy. Am J Kidney Dis
carnitine in haemodialysed patients. Changes in lipid pat-
289. Halbert JA, Silagy CA, Finucane P, Withers RT,
305. Saltissi D, Morgan C, Rigby RJ, Westhuyzen J:
Hamdorf PA: Exercise training and blood lipids in hyperlip-
Safety and efficacy of simvastatin in hypercholesterolemic
idemic and normolipidemic adults: A meta-analysis of ran-
patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis
domized, controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:514-522, 1999
290. Deligiannis A, Kouidi E, Tassoulas E, Gigis P,
306. Chang JW, Yang WS, Min WK, Lee SK, Park JS,
Tourkantonis A, Coats A: Cardiac effects of exercise rehabili-
Kim SB: Effects of simvastatin on high-sensitivity C-
tation in hemodialysis patients. Int J Cardiol 70:253-266,
reactive protein and serum albumin in hemodialysis patients.
291. Goldberg AP, Geltman EM, Hagberg JM, et al:
307. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Lazarus JM, et al:
Poly[allylamine hydrochloride] (RenaGel): A noncalcemic
323. Renders L, Mayer-Kadner I, Koch C, et al: Efficacy
phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in
and drug interactions of the new HMG-CoA reductase
chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 29:66-71, 1997
inhibitors cerivastatin and atorvastatin in CsA-treated renal
308. Braunlin W, Zhorov E, Guo A, et al: Bile acid
transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:141-146,
binding to sevelamer HCl. Kidney Int 62:611-619, 2002
309. Park JS, Jung HH, Yang WS, Kim SB, Min WK, Chi
324. Santos AF, Keitel E, Bittar AE, et al: Safety and
HS: Effects of hormonal replacement therapy on lipid and
efficacy of simvastatin for hyperlipidemia in renal transplant
haemostatic factors in post-menopausal ESRD patients.
recipients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1835-1840, 2000
study. Transplant Proc 33:1194-1195, 2001
310. Harris KPG, Wheeler DC, Chong CC, and the Ator-
325. Pasternak RC, Smith SCJr, Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy
vastatin in CAPD Study Investigators: A placebo-controlled
SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C: ACC/AHA/NHLBI Clinical
trial examining atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients under-
Advisory on the Use and Safety of Statins. Stroke 33:2337-
going CAPD. Kidney Int 61:1469-1474, 2002
311. Bennett WM, Carpenter CB, Shapiro ME, et al:
326. Stern RH, Yang BB, Horton M, Moore S, Abel RB,
Delayed omega-3 fatty acid supplements in renal transplan-
Olson SC: Renal dysfunction does not alter the pharmacoki-
tation. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Transplan-
netics or LDL-cholesterol reduction of atorvastatin. J Clin
312. Urakaze M, Hamazaki T, Yano S, Kashiwabara H,
327. Halstenson CE, Triscari J, DeVault A, Shapiro B,
Oomori K, Yokoyama T: Effect of fish oil concentrate on
Keane W, Pan H: Single-dose pharmacokinetics of pravasta-
risk factors of cardiovascular complications in renal trans-
tin and metabolites in patients with renal impariment. J Clin
plantation. Transplant Proc 21:2134-2136, 1989
313. Maachi K, Berthoux P, Burgard G, Alamartine E,
328. Gehr TWB, Sica DA, Slugg PH, Hammett JL,
Berthoux F: Results of a 1-year randomized controlled trial
Raymond R, Ford NF: The pharmacokinetics of pravastatin
with omega-3 fatty acid fish oil in renal transplantation
in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
under triple immunosuppressive therapy. Transplant Proc
329. Que´rin S, Lambert R, Cusson JR, et al: Single-dose
314. Holdaas H, Jardine AG, Wheeler DC, et al: Effect of
pharmacokinetics of 14C-lovastatin in chronic renal failure.
fluvastatin on acute renal allograft rejection: A randomized
multicenter trial. Kidney Int 60:1990-1997, 2001
330. Mazzu AL, Lettieri JT, Kelly E, et al: Influence of
315. Kasiske BL, Heim-Duthoy KL, Singer GG, Watsch-
renal function on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin in
inger B, Germain MJ, Bastani B: The effects of lipid-
normocholesterolemic adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56:69-
lowering agents on acute renal allograft rejection. Transplan-
331. Lesne M, Sturbois X, Mercier M: Etude pharmaco-
316. Arnadottir M, Eriksson L-O, Germershausen JI,
cinetique comparative de deux formes galeniques d’acide
Thysell H, Eriksson LO: Low-dose simvastatin is a well-
nicitinique. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetica 51:367-370, 1976
tolerated and efficacious cholesterol-lowering agent in ciclo-
332. Abshagen U, Ko¨sters W, Kaufman B, Lang PD:
sporin-treated kidney transplant recipients: Double-blind,
Pharmacokinetics of bezafibrate after single and multiple
randomized, placebo-controlled study in 40 patients. Nephron
doses in the presence of renal failure. Klin Wochenschr
317. Martinez Hernandez BE, Persaud JW, Varghese Z,
333. Anderson P, Norbeck HE: Clinical pharmacokinet-
Moorhead JF: Low-dose simvastatin is safe in hyperlipidae-
ics of bezafibrate in patients with impaired renal function.
mic renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:637-
334. Williams AJ, Baker F, Walls J: The short term
318. Castro R, Queiro`s J, Fonseca I, et al: Therapy of
effects of bezafibrate on the hypertriglyceridaemia of moder-
post-renal transplantation hyperlipidaemia: Comparative
ate to severe uraemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18:361-367,
study with simvastatin and fish oil. Nephrol Dial Transplant
335. Goldberg AP, Sherrard DJ, Haas LB, Brunzell JD:
319. Katznelson S, Wilkinson AH, Kobashigawa JA, et
Control of clofibrate toxicity in uremic hypertriglyceride-
al: The effect of pravastatin on acute rejection after kidney
mia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:317-325, 1977
transplantation—A pilot study. Transplantation 61:1469-
336. Viikari J, Anttila M, Kasanen A: The use of clofi-
brate in patients with renal insufficiency. Int J Clin Pharma-
320. Kliem V, Wanner C, Eisenhauer T, et al: Comparison
of pravastatin and lovastatin in renal transplant patients
337. Merk W, Graben N, Hartmann H, Nikolaus C,
receiving cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 28:3126-3128, 1996
Schlierf G, Schwandt PSerum levels of free non-protein
321. Sahu K, Sharma R, Gupta A, et al: Effect of lova-
bound clofibrinic acid after single dosing to patients with
statin, an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, on acute renal
impaired renal function of various degrees—A multicenter
allograft rejection. Clinical Transplant 15:173-175, 2001
study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 25:59-62, 1987
322. Kasiske BL, Tortorice KL, Heim-Duthoy KL, Gory-
338. Desager JP, Costermans J, Verberckmoes R, Har-
ance JM, Rao KV: Lovastatin treatment of hypercholesterol-
vengt C: Effect of hemodialysis on plasma kinetics of
emia in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 49:95-
fenofibrate in chronic renal failure. Nephron 31:51-54, 1982
339. Knauf H, Kolle EU, Mutschler E: Gemfibrozil ab-
sorption and elimination in kidney and liver disease. Klin
357. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ: Effect of
itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Clin
340. Evans JR, Forland SC, Cutler RE: The effect of
renal function on the pharmacokinetics of gemfibrozil. J Clin
358. Mazzu AL, Lasseter KC, Shamblen EC, Agarwal V,
Lettieri J, Sundaresen P: Itraconazole alters the pharmacoki-
341. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, et al: Measure-
netics of atorvastatin to a greater extent than either cerivasta-
ment of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy
tin or pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 68:391-400, 2000
in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl
359. Neuvonen PJ, Jalava KM: Itraconazole drastically
increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin
342. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM,
PRINCE Investigators: Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive
360. Kivisto KT, Kantola T, Neuvonen PJ: Different
protein levels: The pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation
effects of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of fluva-
(PRINCE): A randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA
statin and lovastatin. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 46:49-53, 1998
361. Neuvonen PJ, Kantola T, Kivisto KT: Simvastatin
343. Gotto AM, Farmer JA: Pleitropic effects of statins:
but not pravastatin is very susceptible to interaction with the
Do they matter? Curr Opin Lipidol 12:391-394, 2001
CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63:332-
344. Munford RS: Statins and the acute-phase response.
362. Kantola T, Backman JT, Niemi M, Kivisto KT,
345. Simpson RJ Jr: Placing PRINCE in perspective.
Neuvonen PJ: Effect of fluconazole on plasma fluvastatin
and pravastatin concentrations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56:225-
346. Asberg A, Hartmann A, Fjeldsa E, Bergan S, Hold-
aas H: Bilateral pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclo-
363. Azie NE, Brater DC, Becker PA, Jones DR, Hall
sporine A and atorvastatin in renal transplant recipients.
SD: The interaction of diltiazem with lovastatin and prava-
statin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:369-377, 1998
347. Mu¨ck W, Mai I, Fritsche L, et al: Increase in
364. Mousa O, Brater DC, Sunblad KJ, Hall SD: The
cerivastatin systemic exposure after single and multiple
interaction of diltiazem with simvastatin. Clin Pharmacol
dosing in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant recipients.
365. Ziviani L, Da Ros L, Squassante L, Milleri S,
348. Arnadottir M, Eriksson L-O, Thysell H, Karkas JD:
Cugola M, Iavarone LE: The effects of lacidipine on the
Plasma concentration profiles of simvastatin 3-hydroxy-3-
steady/state plasma concentrations of simvastatin in healthy
methyl- glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity in
subjects. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 51:147-152, 2001
kidney transplant recipients with and without ciclosporin.
366. Jacobson RH, Wang P, Glueck CJ: Myositis and
rhabdomyolysis associated with concurrent use of simvasta-
349. Ichimaru N, Takahara S, Kokado Y, et al: Changes in
tin and nefazodone. JAMA 277:296-297, 1997
lipid metabolism and effect of simvastatin in renal transplant
367. Alderman CP: Possible interaction between nefaz-
recipients induced by cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Atheroscle-
odone and pravastatin. Ann Pharmacother 33:871, 1999
368. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ: Grapefruit juice
350. Velosa JA, La Belle P, Ronca PD, et al: Pharmacoki-
increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no
netics of lovastatin in renal transplant patients on azathio-
effect on pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 66:118-127, 1999
prine or cyclosporine. J Am Soc Nephrol 1:325, 1990 (abstr)
369. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ: Grapefruit
351. Cooper GR, Myers GL, Smith SJ, Schlant RC:
juice greatly increases serum concentrations of lovastatin
Blood lipid measurements. Variations and practical utility.
and lovastatin acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63:397-402, 1998
370. Lilja JJ, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ: Grapefruit juice-
352. Olbricht C, Wanner C, Eisenhauer T, et al: Accumu-
simvastatin interaction: Effect on serum concentrations of
lation of lovastatin, but not pravastatin, in the blood of
simvastatin, simvastatin acid, and HMG-CoA reductase in-
cyclosporine-treated kidney graft patients after multiple
hibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:477-483, 1998
doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 62:311-321, 1997
371. DiTusa L, Luzier AB: Potential interaction between
353. Goldberg R, Roth D: Evaluation of fluvastatin in the
troglitazone and atorvastatin. J Clin Pharm Ther 25:279-282,
treatment of hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant recipi-
ents taking cyclosporine. Transplantation 62:1559-1564, 1996
372. Lin JC, Ito MK: A drug interaction between troglita-
354. Kovarik JM, Hartmann S, Hubert M, et al: Pharma-
zone and simvastatin. Diabetes Care 22:2104-2106, 1999
cokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments of HMG-CoA
373. Kyrklund C, Backman JT, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen
reductase inhibitors when coadministered with everolimus.
M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ: Rifampin greatly reduces plasma
simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Clin Phar-
355. Siedlik PH, Olson SC, Yang BB, Stern RH: Erythro-
mycin coadministration increases plasma atorvastatin con-
374. Nakai A, Nishikata M, Matsuyama K, Ichikawa M:
centrations. J Clin Pharmacol l39:501-504, 1999
Drug interaction between simvastatin and cholestyramine in
356. Kantola T, Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ: Erythromycin
vitro and in vivo. Bio Pharm Bull 19:1231-1233, 1996
and verapamil considerably increase serum simvastatin and
375. Wen X, Wang J-S, Backman JT, Kivsto¨ KT, Neu-
simvastatin acid concentrations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:177-
vonen PJ: Gemfibrozil is a potent inhibitor of human cyto-
chrome P450 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 29:1359-1361, 2001
376. Backman JT, Kyrklund C, Kivisto KT, Wang JS,
blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin com-
Neuvonen PJ: Plasma concentrations of active simvastatin
pared with conventional treatment and risk of complications
acid are increased by gemfibrozil. Clin Pharmacol Ther
in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352:837-
377. Pan W-J, Gustavson LE, Achari R, et al: Lack of a
393. Lageder H: [Comparative double-blind investiga-
clinicallly significant pharmacokinenic interaction between
tion of bezafibrate and clofibrate in patients with primary
fenofibrate and pravstatin in healthy volunteers. J Clin
hyperlipoproteinaemia]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 92:95-101,
378. Kyrklund C, Backman JT, Kivisto¨ KT, Neuvonen
394. Dick TB, Marples J, Ledermann HM, Whittington J:
M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ: Plasma concentrations of active
Comparative study of once and 3-times daily regimens of
lovastatin acid are markedly increased by gemfibrozil but
bezafibrate in patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia.
not by bezafibrate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:340-345, 2001
379. Spence JD, Munoz CE, Hendricks L, Latchinian L,
395. Mertz DP, Lang PD, Vollmar J: Bezafibrate: Lack of
Khouri HE: Pharmacokinetics of the combination of fluva-
effect on creatinine excretion and muscular proteins. Res
statin and gemfibrozil. Am J Cardiol 76:80A-83A, 1995
380. Hunninghake D, Insull W Jr, Toth P, Davidson D,
396. Olsson AG, Lang PD, Vollmar J: Effect of bezafi-
Donovan JM, Burke SK: Coadministration of colesevelam
brate during 4.5 years of treatment of hyperlipoproteinae-
hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol ad-
ditively. Atherosclerosis 158:407-416, 2001
397. Barbir M, Hunt B, Kushwaha S, et al: Maxepa
381. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P: Sevelamer attenu-
versus bezafibrate in hyperlipidemic cardiac transplant recipi-
ates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in
hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 62:245-252, 2002
398. Lipkin GW, Tomson CRV: Severe reversible renal
382. Keogh A, Day R, Critchley L, Duggin G, Baron D:
fairlue with bezafibrate. Lancet 341:371, 1993
The effect of food and cholestyramine in the absorption of
399. Bruce R, Daniels A, Cundy T: Renal function changes
cyclosporine in cardiac transplant recipients. Transplant Proc
in diabetic nephropathy induced by bezafibrate. Nephron
383. Jensen RA, Lal SM, Diaz-Arias A, et al: Does
400. Hirai M, Tatuso E, Sakurai M, Ichikawa M, Matsuya
cholestyramine interfere with cyclosporine absorption? A
F, Saito Y: Elevated blood concentrations of cyclosporine
prospective study in renal transplant patients. ASAIO J
and kidney failure after bezafibrate in renal graft recipient.
Ann Pharmacother 30:883-884, 1996 (letter)
384. Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL: Hypertri-
401. Broeders N, Knoop C, Antoine M, Tielemans C,
glyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol
Abramowicz D: Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and
creatinine: Is gemfibrozil the only inonocuous agent? Neph-
385. Assmann G, Schulte H, Funke H, Von Eckardstein
A: The emergence of triglycerides as a significant inde-
402. Devuyst O, Goffin E, Pirson Y, van Ypersele de
pendent risk factor in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J19:
Strihou C: Creatinine rise after fibrate therapy in renal graft
386. Cui Y, Blumenthal RS, Flaws JA, et al: Non-high-
403. Ro¨ssner S, Oro¨ L: Fenofibrate therapy of hyperli-
density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardio-
poproteinaemia. A dose-response study and a comparison
vascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med 161:1413-1419,
with clofibrate. Atherosclerosis 38:273-282, 1981
404. Rouffy J, Chanu B, Bakir R, Djian F, Goy-Loeper J:
387. Abate N, Vega GL, Grundy SM: Variability in
Comparative evaluation of the effects of ciprofibrate and
cholesterol content and physical properties of lipoproteins
fenofibrate on lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins A and B.
containing apolipoprotein B-100. Atherosclerosis 104:159-
405. deLorgeril M, Boissonnat P, Bizollon CA, et al:
388. Plasma lipid distributions in selected North Ameri-
Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in hyperlipidaemic long-
can populations: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Preva-
term survivors of heart transplantation. Lack of interaction
lence Study. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemi-
with the lipid-lowering agent, fenofibrate. Eur J Clin Pharma-
ology Committee. Circulation 60:427-439, 1979
389. Shoji T, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T, et al: Athero-
406. Boissonnat P, Salen P, Guidollet J, et al: The long-
genic lipoprotein changes in the absence of hyperlipidemia
term effects of the lipid-lowering agent fenobibrate in hyper-
in patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialy-
lipidemic heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 58:245-
390. Effect of intensive diabetes management on macro-
407. Ellen RL, McPherson R: Long-term efficacy and
vascular events and risk factors in the Diabetes Control and
safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of com-
Complications Trial. Am J Cardiol 75:894-903, 1995
bined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 81:60B-65B, 1998
391. Lawson ML, Gerstein HC, Tsui E, Zinman B: Effect
408. Hottelart C, el Esper N, Achard JM, Pruna A,
of intensive therapy on early macrovascular disease in
Fournier A: [Fenofibrate increases blood creatinine, but does
young individuals with type 1 diabetes. A systematic review
not change the glomerular filtration rate in patients with mild
and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 22:B35-B39, 1999 (suppl 2)
renal insufficiency]. Nephrologie 20:41-44, 1999
392. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Intensive
409. Dierkes J, Westphal S, Luley C: Serum homocys-
teine increases after therapy with fenofibrate or bezafibrate.
fat intake in the prospective, randomized STRIP baby trial.
410. Lipscombe J, Lewis GF, Cattran D, Bargman JM:
427. Niinikoski H, Koskinen P, Punnonen K, et al: Intake
Deterioration in renal function associated with fibrate therapy.
and indicators of iron and zinc status in children consuming
diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol: The STRIP baby
411. Gibbons LW, Gonzalez V, Gordon N, Grundy S: The
study. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention
prevalence of side effects with regular and sustained-release
Project for Babies. Am J Clin Nutr 66:569-574, 1997
nicotinic acid. Am J Med 99:378-385, 1995
428. Niinikoski H, Lapinleimu H, Viikari J, et al: Growth
412. Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM, Guyton JR: A new ex-
until 3 years of age in a prospective, randomized trial of a
tended-release niacin (Niaspan): Efficacy, tolerability, and
diet with reduced saturated fat and cholesterol. Pediatrics
safety in hypercholesterolemic patients. Am J Cardiol 82:
429. Lambert M, Lupien PJ, Gagne C, et al: Treatment of
413. Gokal R, Mann JI, Oliver DO, Ledingham JGG,
familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents:
Carter RD: Treatment of hyperlipidaemia in patients on
Effect of lovastatin. Canadian Lovastatin in Children Study
414. Spratt P, Esmore D, Keogh A, Chang V: Comparison
430. Knipscheer HC, Boelen CC, Kastelein JJ, et al:
of three immunosuppressive protocols in cardiac transplanta-
Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children
with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Res 39:867-871,
415. Chen HH, Lin LH: Recurrent pancreatitis secondary
to type V hyperlipidemia: Report of one case. Acta Paediatr
431. Couture P, Brun LD, Szots F, et al: Association of
specific LDL receptor gene mutations with differential plasma
416. Colletti RB, Neufeld EJ, Roff NK, McAuliffe TL,
lipoprotein response to simvastatin in young French Canadi-
Baker AL, Newburger JW: Niacin treatment of hypercholes-
ans with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arte-
terolemia in children. Pediatrics 92:78-82, 1993
rioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1007-1012, 1998
417. Steinmetz J, Morin C, Panek E, Siest G, Drouin P:
432. Vohl MC, Szots F, Lelie’vre M, et al: Influence of
Biological variations in hyperlipidemic children and adoles-
LDL receptor gene mutation and apo E polymorphism on
cents treated with fenofibrate. Clin Chim Acta 112:43, 1981
lipoprotein response to simvastatin treatment among adoles-
418. Chicaud P, Demange J, Drouin P, Debry G: [Action
cents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Ath-
of fenofibrate in hypercholesterolemic children. 18-month
433. Stefanutti C, Lucani G, Vivenzio A, Di Giacomo S:
419. Wheeler KA, West RJ, Lloyd JK, Barley J: Double
Diet only and diet plus simvastatin in the treatment of
blind trial of bezafibrate in familial hypercholesterolaemia.
heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood.
420. Kwiterovich PO Jr: Diagnosis and management of
434. Coleman JE, Watson AR: Hyperlipidaemia, diet and
familial dyslipoproteinemia in children and adolescents.
simvastatin therapy in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
of childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 10:171-174, 1996
421. Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J: Coronary artery
435. Sanjad SA, al Abbad A, al Shorafa S: Management
disease among United States soldiers killed in action in
of hyperlipidemia in children with refractory nephrotic syn-
drome: the effect of statin therapy. J Pediatr 130:470-474,
422. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, et al:
Effects of coronary heart disease risk factors on atherosclero-
436. Kano K, Hoshi E, Ito S, et al: Effects of combination
sis of selected regions of the aorta and right coronary artery
therapy consisting of moderate-dose intravenous immuno-
PDAY Research Group. Pathobiological Determinants of
globulin G, pulsed methylprednisolone and pravastatin in
Atherosclerosis in Youth. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
children with steroid-resistant nephrosis. Nephron 84:99-
423. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman
437. McCrindle BW, O’Neill MB, Cullen-Dean G, Hel-
WPIII, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA: Association between mul-
den E: Acceptability and compliance with two forms of
tiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in chil-
cholestyramine in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in
dren and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl
children: a randomized, crossover trial. J Pediatr 130:266-
424. Ja¨rvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Na¨nto¨-Salonen K, et al: In-
438. West RJ, Lloyd JK, Leonard JV: Long-term fol-
creased aortic intima-media thickness: A marker of preclini-
low-up of children with familial hypercholesterolaemia
cal atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 104:
treated with cholestyramine. Lancet 2:873-875, 1980
439. West RJ, Lloyd JK: The effect of cholestyramine on
425. Kwiterovich POJr, Barton BA, McMahon RP, et al:
intestinal absorption. Gut 16:93-98, 1975
Effects of diet and sexual maturation on low-density lipopro-
440. Schwarz KB, Goldstein PD, Witztum JL, Schonfeld
tein cholesterol during puberty: The Dietary Intervention
G: Fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in hypercholester-
Study in Children (DISC). Circulation 96:2526-2533, 1997
olemic children treated with colestipol. Pediatrics 65:243-
426. Niinikoski H, Viikari J, Ronnemaa T, et al: Regula-
tion of growth of 7- to 36-month-old children by energy and
441. Schlierf G, Vogel G, Kohlmeier M, Vuilleumier JP,
Huppe R, Schmidt-Gayk H: [Long-term therapy of familial
447. Bowes AdP (revised by Pennington JAT): Bowes &
hypercholesterolemia in young patients with colestipol: avail-
Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly Used (ed 17).
ability of minerals and vitamins]. Klin Wochenschr 63:802-
Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1998, pp 1-481
448. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA: Sitostanol
442. Marcucci R, Zanazzi M, Bertoni E, et al: Risk
ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial
factors for cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipi-
hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36:1807-1812, 1995
ents: new insights. Transplant Int 13:S419-S424, 2000
449. Williams CL, Bollella MC, Strobino BA, Boccia L,
Campanaro L: Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood:
443. Stein EA, Illingworth DR, Kwiterovich PO Jr, et al:
effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in pre-school children. J Am Coll Nutr 18:572-581, 1999
Efficacy and safety of lovastatin in adolescent males with
450. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H,
heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized
Vartiainen E: Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-
ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic popula-
444. Knipscheer HC, Boelen CC, Kastelein JJ, et al:
Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children
451. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW: Plant sterol-enriched
with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Res 39:867-871,
margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL- choles-
terol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly
445. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Exami-
hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:334-343,
nation: Task Force Report on the Periodic Health Examina-
tion. Can Med Assoc J 121:1193-1254, 1979
452. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI: Plant
446. National Kidney Foundation: K/DOQI clinical prac-
stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hy-
tice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. K/DOQI.
percholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent
Am J Kidney Dis 35:S1-S140, 2000 (suppl 2)
Who Was this Jesus? John 18:1 - 19:37 Good Friday, April 22, 2011 St. Alban’s, Hickory, NC Our Lenten journey, our Holy Week journey is almost over. This week juxtaposes the extremes of Jesus’ earthly ministry and the human reaction to it: waving of palms and welcome cries of Hosanna, followed by cries to crucify him and rejection and denial, contrasted with Jesus’ steadily, purposefully
Allied Academies International Conference THE INVESTORS ABILITY IN MAKING AN INVESTMENT DECISIONS ON THE GERMANY'S FINANCIAL MARKET-AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Musa Darayseh, Purdue University Calumet Elaine Waples, Purdue University Calumet ABSTRACT Many U.S. companies and investors do business with German companies or own German subsidiaries. To comply with laws in both countrie
Huppe R, Schmidt-Gayk H: [Long-term therapy of familial
447. Bowes AdP (revised by Pennington JAT): Bowes &
hypercholesterolemia in young patients with colestipol: avail-
Church’s Food Values of Portions Commonly Used (ed 17).