No job name

-Oxygenated Analogues of the 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor Agonist
1-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane
Richard A. Glennon,* Mikhail L. Bondarev, Nantaka Khorana, and Richard Young Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 Jesse A. May, Mark R. Hellberg, Marsha A. McLaughlin, and Najam A. Sharif Ophthalmic Products Research, Alcon Research Ltd., Ft. Worth, Texas Activation of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors represents a novel approach to lowering intraocular
pressure. Because 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonists might also produce undesirable central
effects should sufficient quantities enter the brain, attempts were made to identify 5-HT2
serotonin receptor agonists with reduced propensity to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. 1-(4-
Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropan-1-ol (6), an analogue of the 5-HT2 serotonin
receptor agonist 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOB; 1a) bearing a benzylic
hydroxyl group, was identified as a candidate structure. Of the four optical isomers of 6, the
1R,2R-isomer (6d; K )
0.5 nM) was found to bind at 5-HT2A receptors with an affinity similar 0.2 nM). Like R(-)DOB, 6d behaved as a partial agonist (efficacy ca.
50%) in a 5-HT2-mediated calcium mobilization assay. However, in an in vivo test of central
action (i.e., stimulus generalization with rats as subjects), 6d was >15 times less potent than
R(-)DOB. O-Methylation of 6d (i.e., 7d; 5-HT
0.3 nM) resulted in an agent that behaved as a full (93% efficacy) agonist. Intraocular administration of 300 µg of 6d and 7d to ocular
hypertensive monkeys was shown to reduce intraocular pressure by 20-27%. Given the route
of administration (i.e., topical), and concentrations necessary to reduce intraocular pressure,
compounds such as 6d should demonstrate minimal central effects at potentially useful
therapeutic doses and offer useful leads for further development.
Compounds that function as efficient agonists at focused on the latter, which includes agents such as 1-(4- 5-HT2A serotonin receptors have been proposed as novel bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOB, 1a)
agents with the potential to control intraocular pressurein the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.1Agents with agonist action at brain 5-HT2A receptorshave also been demonstrated to be psychoactive inhumans.2 However, a recent study has found that a localocular site of action seems to be sufficient for achievingdecreased intraocular pressure in a primate model ofocular hypertension.1 Hence, a 5-HT2A serotonin recep-tor agonist that does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier should be effective following local ocularapplication, and central side effects should be mini-mized.
and its iodo and methyl counterparts (1b and 1c,
respectively). We introduced [3H]DOB and [125I]DOI
The goal of the present investigation was to develop years ago as radioligands for labeling 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor agonist with reduced and DOM and R(-)DOI are commonly employed as ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The general approach to achieving this goal was to incorporate a 2 serotonin receptor agonists in behavioral studies (reviewed in ref 2). DOB (1a) is perhaps one of the best
polar moiety into an agent that already possesses 2A serotonin receptor agonists. In various 2A serotonin receptor agonist actions in order to functional assays, DOB (1a) has been shown to behave
decrease its lipophilicity. Pharmacophore-based design either as a full agonist or partial agonist,3,4 and this might provide an effective means to accomplish this property is associated principally with the R-(-)-isomer; task. Currently, the two largest categories of 5-HT2A S(+)DOB is of lower efficacy than its enantiomer.3 serotonin receptor agonists are the indolealkylamines Previous pharmacophoric studies have identified the (e.g. tryptamine analogues) and the phenylalkylamines.2 dimethoxy substitution pattern of DOB as contributing Because the former are notoriously nonselective,2 we to its actions.2 In fact, structure-affinity relationshipshave been examined in detail, and nearly every position * Correspondence author. Address: Department of Medicinal Chem- of DOB (1a) has been investigated. The question at hand
istry, Box 980540, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298.Ph: 804-828-8487.Fax: 804-828-7404.E-mail: [email protected].
was, where in the molecule might a polar substituent Scheme 1a
Scheme 2a
a Reagents and conditions: (a) Br2/CHCl3, 5 °C to room tem- perature, 2 h; (b) (CH2)6N4/CHCl3, 50 °C, 1 h, then HCl/EtOH, 50°C, 3 h; (c) NaBH4/MeOH, 0 °C; (d) ClCH2COCl/NaOH/H2O/CH2Cl2, 0 °C to room temperature, 2 h; (e) KOH/EtOH, 12 h, roomtemperature; (f) BH - be introduced without significant loss of agonist action?For example, introduction of polar substituents, de- a Reagents and conditions: (a) (COCl) pending upon the ring-position and the specific sub- dimethoxybenzene/TiCl4, -50 °C to room temperature, 60 h; (b) stituent, can result in phenylalkylamines that lack SiH(CH3)2Ph/TFA, -5 °C, 2 h then K2CO3, reflux, 2 h; (c) Ac2O, affinity for 5-HT2A receptors;3 in other instances, action room temperature to 110 °C, 1 h, then 60% H2SO4, 110 °C, 1 h; has been converted from agonist to low-efficacy partial (d) NaH/THF, 0 °C to room temperature 0.5 h, then MeI, reflux,1 h.
agonist or even antagonist activity.5 Quaternization ofthe terminal amine, a strategy often employed to reduce rides. The acid chlorides were not purified but, following blood-brain barrier permeability, was not an option evaporation of solvent, were subjected to a Friedel- here, because the quaternary amine analogue of DOB Crafts reaction with 1-bromo-2,5-dimethoxybenzene does not bind at 5-HT2A receptors.3 The one position of under mild conditions with complete preservation of DOB-type compounds that has not been extensively configurational identity of the products S(-)13 and
investigated is the benzylic (i.e., C1 or R(+)13. The chiral purity of S(-)13 and R(+)13 was
Accordingly, we began this investigation by examining established by examination of their proton NMR spectra the influence on 5-HT2A affinity and efficacy of polar in the presence of the chiral shift reagent Eu(hfbc).12 (i.e., oxygen-bearing) substituents at the benzylic posi- Chiral shift NMR analysis revealed none of the opposite enantiomer, indicating a chiral purity of >98% for each
isomer. Erythro isomers 6a and 6b were prepared by
Chemistry
the highly erythro-selective reduction13 of the corre- The synthesis of morpholine 2 (Scheme 1) began with
sponding ketones R(+)13 and S(-) 13, respectively, with
8; acetylation of commercially available 1-bromo-2,5-
dimethylphenylsilane in TFA. These erythro isomers dimethoxybenzene under Friedel-Crafts conditions ac- were also successfully converted into their correspond- cording to a literature procedure,6 followed by bromi- ing threo isomers 6c and 6d by utilizing a modification
nation, gave a bromoacetyl intermediate that was of a procedure that was previously described for the transformed through a Sommelet reaction into amino preparation of threo-norpseudoephedrine isomers.14 The ketone 9 (isolated as its HCl salt). Crude compound 9
structures of all erythro and threo isomers were sup- was reduced with NaBH4 to provide amino alcohol 3b.
ported by 1H NMR spectrometry; the erythro isomer 6a
Treatment of 3b with ClCH2COCl afforded the corre-
and 6b showed a signal at δ 5.06 (CH-OH), whereas
sponding N-chloroacetyl derivative 10, which was con-
threo isomers 6c and 6d displayed a signal at δ 4.84
verted into morpholinone 11 by base-catalyzed cycliza-
(CH-OH). Such a spectroscopic trend is consistent with tion.7 Reduction of 11 with BH -
literature observations.15 Alkylation of compounds 6a-d
desired morpholine 2. Compound 3b was prepared as
with CH3I afforded methoxy derivatives 7a-d. Al-
an intermediate in the synthesis of 2, and compound
though the enantiomeric purity of the trifluoroacety- 3c was prepared from 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromobenzalde-
lated intermediate leading to 5b was not examined, the
erythro isomer 5b was synthesized in a similar manner.
Compounds 12a and 12b (Scheme 2), as well as 12c
(where R ) S-(-)-Et), were prepared from commercially Results and Discussion
available optically active amino acids by trifluroacety- Radioligand binding data and the results of a func- lation according to literature procedures.9-11 The result- tional assay are provided in Table 1. One of the first ing N-trifluroacetyl R-amino acids were then treated compounds prepared and examined in this investigation with oxalyl chloride to form the appropriate acid chlo- was morpholine analogue 2. Compound 2 bears an ether
Table 1. Radioligand Binding and Functional Data for
displayed an efficacy (63%) greater than that of racemic DOB (Table 1). These results suggested that not only are polar substituents at the -position of the phenyl- alkylamines tolerated by 5-HT2A receptors, certain sub-stituents might even enhance 5-HT Lacking an amine substituent or an R-alkyl group, 3
might be prone to rapid metabolism in vivo by oxidative deamination. Furthermore, although an R-methyl group might not be required for the binding of DOB-type agents at 5-HT2A receptors, we have previously shown that its absence detracts somewhat from 5-HT2A selec- tivity.18 Accordingly, we introduced small alkyl groups at the R-position, namely an R-ethyl group and an First, however, it was necessary to determine the role of the 4-bromo group on efficacy and whether it should be retained in the analogues to be investigated. Com- pound 4 (K )
9.2 nM), as previously shown,3 binds with a Calcium-mobilization assay. EC50 value not determined where oxygen atom at the benzylic position that is tetheredto the terminal amine. However, its 5-HT2A affinity(K ) 20.6 nM) is 100-fold lower than that of R(-)DOB 0.2 nM), and its agonist efficacy in the 5-HT2- mediated calcium mobilization assay is minimal (Table 1). There are several possible explanations for these R(-)DOB. Interestingly, the 4-bromo group does not unfavorable findings. Apart from the molecule possess- appear to contribute significantly to efficacy. Compound ing a chiral center, the ether oxygen atom might not be ) 0.74 µM), although 10-fold less potent than tolerated by the receptor and/or the added ethylene R(-)DOB, approximated the efficacy of racemic DOB.
“bridge” might not be readily accommodated by the That is, the presence of the bromo group contributes receptor and its presence detracts from affinity. A more both to affinity and agonist potency, but somewhat less plausible explanation, based on prior structure-affinity to efficacy. Consequently, the bromo function was investigations, is that the secondary amine of 2 con-
retained and R-alkyl substituents were introduced.
tributes to decreased affinity. That is, we have previ- Addition of an R-alkyl substituent introduces a second ously shown that addition of small N-alkyl substituents chiral center, and four optical isomers are possible. For can reduce the 5-HT2A receptor affinity of DOB and purpose of comparison of the effect of an R-ethyl versus an R-methyl group, we arbitrarily selected as targets Consequently, we turned our attention to simpler the 1R,2S isomers of a 4-brominated compound. Al- phenylethylamine derivatives that lacked an N-alkyl though there was no a priori reason to suspect that this substituent (e.g. 3). Compound 3a, the R-(or C2-)-
stereochemistry would be optimal, our immediate goal
was simply to compare the influence on affinity/activity
of an R-ethyl versus an R-methyl substituent. Stan-
dridge et al.19 have previously synthesized a series of
R-ethyl phenylalkylamines including compound 5a. We
found compound 5a (K )
affinity, but with about 70-fold reduced affinity relative
to DOB. Furthermore, its 5-HT2A efficacy was only about
half that of DOB. Incorporation of the -hydroxy group
reduced affinity (5b, 5-HT
(5%) by about 3-fold. In contrast, R-methyl compound
6b (K )
1.1 nM) displayed 20 times the affinity of 5b
desmethyl counterpart of DOB, binds at 5-HT2A sero- tonin receptors with an affinity comparable to that of With information in hand that an R-methyl group is DOB (1a);18 that is, the presence of the R-methyl group
favored over an R-ethyl group, that the 4-bromo sub- hydroxy and -methoxy analogues 3b and 3c were
-methoxy substituents are tolerated, the four optical prepared for examination as their racemates; compound isomers of both -hydroxy (i.e., 6) and -methoxy (i.e.,
3c had been previously synthesized by Lemaire et al.8
7) DOB were prepared for evaluation. As mentioned
Hydroxy compound 3b (K )
above, earlier pharmacophoric investigations had al- enhanced affinity relative to 2 but was also a low-
ready demonstrated that the R-isomers of DOB-related efficacy (8%) agonist. In contrast, methoxy compound agents bind with severalfold higher affinity than their 3c (K )
2.0 nM) retained the affinity of 3b and
S-enantiomers. It was expected, then, that the 2R- isomers would bind with somewhat higher affinity than
their 2S counterparts. That the 1S-hydroxy-2R-methyl
compound 6a (K )
Figure 1. Results [% DOM-appropriate responding (SEM)]
of drug discrimination studies employing rats trained to
discriminate DOM (1c) (1.0 mg/kg) from saline vehicle. Stimu-
lus generalization was considered to have occurred when the
lower affinity than its 1R-hydroxy-2S-methyl counter- animals made g80% of their responses on the DOM-appropri- part 6b (K )
do not readily accommodate the hydroxy group in the Table 2. Intraocular Pressure (IOP, mmHg) Response after
S-configuration. Similar results were obtained with 1S- Topical Ocular Administration to the Normal Eye of Conscious hydroxy compound 6c (K )
of the hydroxy analogues, the highest affinity member was 1R-hydroxy-2R-methyl compound 6d (K )
Parallel results were obtained with the methoxy ana-logues, and the highest affinity member of the methoxy series was 1R-methoxy-2R-methyl compound 7d (K )
0.3 nM), and the affinity of 7d was comparable to that
a 300 µg in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4. b p<0.05. c Data from May et al.1 as assayed under comparable conditions.
introduction of a -hydroxy group decreases the affinityof R(-)DOB by 50-fold when in the S-configuration but mg/kg or 0.25 µmol/kg). Administration of 6d also
has little effect when in the R-configuration; likewise, introduction of a -methoxy group decreases affinity by 0.8-2.6 mg/kg, or 4.3 µmol/kg). Evidently, introduction nearly 100-fold when in the S-configuration and is of the benzylic hydroxyl group resulted in a >15-fold tolerated when in the R-configuration.
rightward shift of the dose-response curve (Figure 1).
All the hydroxy and methoxy isomers displayed Another way of viewing the results is that at doses agonist action. But there is a broad span of potencies.
higher than that required for R(-)DOB to substitute In general, the hydroxy compounds are not as potent for the DOM stimulus, 6d still produced saline-ap-
as the methoxy isomers; nevertheless, hydroxy com- propriate responding; higher doses of 6d were required
pound 6d (EC
0.10 µM), although 5-fold less potent to produce >80% drug-appropriate responding. Given the 5-HT2A affinities and efficacies of these two agents, (ca. 50%) in the calcium-mobilization assay. Methoxy the results suggest that 6d might not penetrate the
compound 7d possessed similar potency (EC
blood-brain barrier as well as R(-)DOB.
µM) but was more efficacious than R(-)DOB and Encouraged by the drug discrimination results, 6d
essentially behaved as a full (93%) agonist.
and 7d were assessed for their ability to lower pressure
The intent of this investigation was to identify a in conscious cynomologus monkeys with laser-induced 5-HT2A ligand with agonist character and reduced ocular hypertension. Both compounds effectively de- propensity to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Both creased intraocular pressure (IOP) following topical 6d and 7d bear polar substituents at the benzylic
ocular application of a 300 µg dose (Table 2). Although position of a phenylisopropylamine nucleus; although further dose-response studies are required to fully both are similar in 5-HT2A serotonin receptor affinity characterize the peak IOP reduction, the efficacy of 6d
and agonist potency, 7d is a full agonist, whereas 6d
in the ocular hypertensive monkey coupled with the displays lower efficacy but an efficacy similar to that of drug discrimination results suggest that the IOP effect DOB. Because of the presence of the more polar hy- of 5-HT2 serotonin receptor agonists is mediated by a droxyl group, 6d was selected for further evaluation,
local rather than centrally mediated mechanism. The despite its lower efficacy. Agents with 5-HT2A agonist maximum reduction in IOP observed for 7d of 27.5% is
character have been shown to substitute for DOM (1c)
similar to that achieved by R(-)DOI, an agent routinely in rats trained to discriminate DOM (1c) from saline
used as positive control in such studies.
vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination task (re- In conclusion, introduction of a 1R-hydroxy (i.e., viewed in ref 20). The effect has been demonstrated to -hydroxy) group to R(-)DOB is tolerated by 5-HT2A be centrally mediated and is antagonized by 5-HT2A receptors and has relatively little influence on agonist serotonin receptor antagonists.20 Accordingly, we com- potency or efficacy. In contrast, introduction of a 1R- pared the actions of 6d with that of the R-(-)-isomer of
methoxy group, although tolerated by 5-HT2A receptors DOB (1a). Using rats trained to discriminate 1.0
and having relatively little influence on agonist potency, mg/kg of DOM (1c) from saline, administration of
tends to double efficacy. Additional studies are now R(-)DOB resulted in substitution (i.e., stimulus gen- planned to further investigate the pharmacology of compounds 6d (AL-34659) and 7d (AL-37662). Given the
affinity/potency of these agents and their increased in vacuo over CaCl2 to afford 10.25 g (66%) of crude product polarity, it is unlikely that they would produce centrally as its HCl salt, which was used without further purification.
mediated effects at the doses that would be required to Sodium borohydride (12.48 g, 330 mmol) was added in small
portions to a stirred solution of the aminoacetophenone 9
reduce intraocular pressure following topical applica- (10.25 g, 33 mmol) in MeOH (250 mL) at 0 °C over 1.5 h. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowedto stir at 0 °C for an additional 2 h. Solvent was evaporated Experimental Section
under reduced pressure, H2O (150 mL) was added, and the Chemistry. Melting points were taken in glass capillary
resulting mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 75 mL). The tubes on a Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus and are combined CH2Cl2 portions were washed with H2O (3 × 50 mL) uncorrected. 1H NMR spectra were recorded with a Varian and dried (MgSO4). Solvent was evaporated under reduced EM-390 spectrometer, and peak position are given in parts pressure to give the crude free base of 3b as a yellow-white
per million (δ) downfield from tetramethylsilane as the solid which was purified by recrystallization from MeOH/Et2O internal standard. Microanalyses were performed by Atlantic to give the free base of 3b as white crystals: mp 130-131 °C.
Microlab (GA) for the indicated elements, and the results are The free base in MeOH (50 mL) was treated with ethereal HCl within 0.4% of the calculated values. Chromatographic separa- and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give tions were performed on silica gel columns (Kieselgel 40, 8.56 g (83%) of 3b as off-white crystals following recrystalli-
0.040-0.063 mm, Merck) by flash chromatography. Reactions zation from 2-PrOH: mp 204-207 °C; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ and product mixtures were routinely monitored by thin-layer 2.69-2.99 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.77 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH3), chromatography (TLC) on silica gel precoated F254 Merck 5.02 (m, 1H, CH-OH), 6.10 (br.s, 1H, OH, exchangeable), 7.20 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.22 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.02 (br.s, 3H, NH + Compounds 3a and 4, as their HCl salts, were on-hand from
previous investigations, and compound 5a‚HCl was a gift from
(-)-erythro-(1R,2S)-1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
the Research Division of Bristol Laboratories.
oxyphenyl)-2-aminobutane Oxalate (5b). S(-)-2-[N-(Tri-
(()2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)morpholine Ox-
fluoroacetyl)amino]-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-1-bu- alate (2). A solution of 1 M BH -
tanone was prepared in 29% yield from S(+)-2-trifluoroacetyl- mmol) was added in a dropwise manner to a solution of 11
aminobutyric acid,11 via trifluoroacetamide 12c, exactly as
(3.16 g, 10.0 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0 °C under an N2 described for the synthesis of S(-)13. The product was isolated
atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 12 as a yellow-white powder: mp 92-94 °C; [R] ) -5.7° (c 1, 2 atmosphere, and concentrated HCl (15 mL) was added in a dropwise manner at -5 °C. The mixture was heated 3) δ 0.87 (t, J ) 7.6 Hz, 3H, CH3), 1.61 at reflux for an additional 1 h and then the THF was 2), 3.93 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.97 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.58 (m, 1H, CH), 7.28 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.41 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.44 (bs, 1H, evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was made NHCO, exchangeable). The butanone was converted to 5b as
alkaline with 1 N NaOH and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 50 described for the synthesis of 6b, except that ethereal oxalic
mL). The combined CH2Cl2 portions were washed with H2O acid was used in order to isolate the product as the oxalate (3 × 50 mL) and dried (MgSO4), and the CH2Cl2 was evapo- salt. The salt was recrystallized from MeOH/Et rated under reduced pressure to give a colorless oil. The oil in 5b as white crystals in 76% yield: mp 203-205 °C; [R] )
2O/MeOH (4:1) was treated with ethereal oxalic acid; the -28.5° (c 1, MeOH); 1H NMR (DMSO-d mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the precipitated oxalate salt was collected by filtration, washed 3), 1.33 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.19 (m, 1H, CH-NH3 3), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.10 (m, 1H, CH-OH), 7.17 2O (3 × 15 mL), and recrystallized twice (s, 1H, ArH), 7.23 (s, 1H, ArH). Anal. (C from 2-PrOH to afford 2.18 g (56%) of 2 as white crystals: mp
190-192 °C; 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 2.85-3.31 (m, 4H, CH2),3.78 (s, 3H, OCH (+)-erythro-(1S,2R)-1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
3), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.89-4.19 (m, 2H, CH2), 4.96 (d, J ) 9.0 Hz, 1H, OCH), 7.08 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.27 (s, 1H, oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (6a) was pre-
pared from R(+)-2-[N-(trifluoroacetyl)amino]-1-(2,5-dimethoxy- 1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-amino-
4-bromophenyl)-1-propanone (R(+)13), as described for 6b, as
ethane Hydrochloride (3b). Bromine (7.99 g, 50 mmol) in
white crystals in 68% yield: mp 194-196 °C; [R]D 1, MeOH). Anal. (C11H16BrNO3 HCl‚0.5H2O) C, H, N.
3 (20 mL) was added in a dropwise manner to a stirred solution of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoacetophenone6 (12.95 g, 50 (-)-erythro-(1R,2S)-1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane Hydrochloride (6b). Dimeth-
3 (100 mL) at 5 °C. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room ylphenylsilane (1.70 g, 12.5 mmol) was added in a dropwise temperature and stirred for an additional 2 h. The mixture manner to a solution of (S)-(-)-2-[N-(trifluoroacetyl)amino]- was poured onto crushed ice; the organic portion was separated 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)-1-propanone (S(-)13) (3.84
and washed with H2O (2 × 100 mL), saturated NaHCO3 g, 10.0 mmol) in TFA (5 mL) at -5 °C under an N2 atmosphere.
solution (2 × 100 mL), and again with H2O (2 × 100 mL). The The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0 °C, stirred for solution was dried (MgSO4) and evaporated to dryness under an additional 2 h, poured onto crushed ice, and neutralized reduced pressure to give a crude brown/white product. The with a saturated NaHCO3 solution. The solution was extracted product was recrystallized from MeOH to yield 14.70 g (87%) with CH2Cl2 (3 × 50 mL). The combined CH2Cl2 portions were of the desired bromoacetophenone product as a white solid: washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution (3 × 25 mL) and mp 122-123 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.90 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.93 brine (3 × 25 mL) and dried (MgSO4), and the solvent was (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.59 (s, 2H, CH2Br), 7.24 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.41 (s, evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography with silica gel using, se- A solution of the above 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-R-bromo- quentially, CH2Cl2 and MeOH/CH2Cl2 (1:20) as eluants. The acetophenone (16.90 g, 50 mmol) and hexamethylenetetramine crude product in MeOH (30 mL) was added to a stirred mixture (7.00 g, 50 mmol) in CHCl3 (200 mL) was allowed to stir at 50 of K2CO3 (6.91 g, 50 mmol) in H2O (5 mL) and then heated at °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to the reflux for 2 h. The MeOH was removed under reduced pressure room temperature, and the white precipitate was collected by and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 25 mL). The filtration and washed with CHCl3 (3 × 25 mL). The resulting combined organic portions were dried (MgSO4), and the solvent quaternary salt was suspended in a mixture of 95% EtOH (50 was evaporated under reduced pressure to give the crude free mL) and concentrated HCl (25 mL) and heated at 50 °C for 3 base of 6b as a yellow-white solid. The free base in anhydrous
h. After 15 min, the reaction mixture was homogeneous and Et2O (50 mL) was treated with ethereal HCl; the precipitated the aminophenone hydrochloride began to crystallize. The HCl salt was collected by filtration, washed with anhydrous mixture was cooled to 0 °C and the white solid was collected Et2O (2 × 10 mL), and recrystallized from EtOAc to afford 2.28 by filtration. The solid was recrystallized from H g (70%) of 6b as white crystals: mp 197-199 °C; [R]D
(c 1, MeOH); 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6) δ 0.92 (d, J ) 6.7 Hz, 3H, 3), 3.38 (m, 1H, CH-NH3 ), 3.76 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.79 (s, 3H, NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 0.96 (d, J ) 6.7 Hz, 3H, CH3), 3.14 (s, 3H, 3), 5.06 (m, 1H, CH-OH), 6.06 (d, J ) 3.3 Hz, 1H, OH, CH-OCH3) 3.40 (m, 1H, CH-NH3 ), 3.78 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.81 exchangeable), 7.14 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.23 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.04 (br.s, (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.55 (d, J ) 8.7 Hz, 1H, CH-OCH3), 6.96 (s, 3 , exchangeable). Anal. (C11H16BrNO3 HCl) C, H, N.
1H, ArH), 7.32 (s, 1H, ArH). Anal. (C11H16BrNO3 C2H2O4) C, (+)-threo-(1S,2S)-1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane Hydrochloride (6c). Acetic
(-)-threo-(1R,2R)-1-Methoxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
anhydride (3.57 g, 35.0 mmol) was added to the free base of oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane oxalate (7d) was prepared,
(-)-erythro-(1R,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphe- as described for 7b, from (-)-threo-(1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-
nyl)-2-aminopropane (6b) (2.90 g, 10.0 mmol) at room tem-
bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (6d) as white
crystals in 73% yield: mp 115-118 °C; [R]D heated at 110 °C for 1 h and then cooled to 60-80 °C. Aqueous H2SO4 (60%, 8 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was (()-2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)morpholin-5-
heated at 110 °C for an additional 1 h. The mixture was one (11). Chloroacetyl chloride (3.39 g, 30 mmol) was added
allowed to cool to room temperature, poured onto crushed ice, in a dropwise manner to a vigorously stirred mixture of NaOH and basified with 15% aqueous NaOH solution to pH ) 8. The (0.94 g, 24 mmol) in H2O (100 mL) and the free base of solution was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 50 mL). The combined 1-hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminoethane (3b)
CH2Cl2 portions were washed with brine (3 × 50 mL) and dried (6.25 g, 20 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (100 mL) at 0 °C. After the (MgSO4), and solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.
addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography warm to room temperature and was stirred for an additional [silica gel; CH2Cl2/MeOH (4:1)] to give an oil. The oil in 6 h. The layers were separated, and the organic portion was anhydrous Et2O (50 mL) was treated with ethereal HCl. The washed with 3% HCl (2 × 25 mL) and saturated NaHCO3 precipitated HCl salt was collected by filtration, washed with solution (2 × 25 mL) and dried (MgSO4), and solvent was anhydrous Et2O (2 × 10 mL), and recrystallized from evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 5.00 g Et2O/MeOH to afford 2.67 g (82%) of 6c as white crystals: mp
(71%) of the crude 1-hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphe-
30.9° (c 1, MeOH); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) nyl)-2-(chloroacetylamino)ethane (10) as a yellow-white foamy
δ 1.03 (d, J ) 6.7 Hz, 3H, CH semisolid. The product was dissolved in 95% EtOH (50 mL) (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.84 (m, 1H, CH-OH), 6.16 and added in a dropwise manner to a stirred solution of KOH (d, J ) 3.3 Hz, 1H, OH, exchangeable), 7.14 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.25 (1.68 g, 30 mmol) in 95% EtOH (25 mL) at room temperature.
The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 12 h, concentrated under reduced pressure, and diluted with H2O (-)-threo-(1R,2R)-1-Hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
(80 mL). The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 50 mL); oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (6d) was pre-
the combined CH2Cl2 portions were washed with H2O (3 × 50 pared, as described for 6c, from (+)-erythro-(1S,2R)-1-hydroxy-
mL) and dried (MgSO4), and CH2Cl2 was evaporated under 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (6a) as white
reduced pressure to give 3.58 g (80%) of 11 as white crystals:
crystals in 80% yield: mp 214-215 °C; [R] ) - mp 172-173 °C, after recrystallization from Et2O/hexanes: 1H MeOH). Anal. (C11H16BrNO3 × HCl) C, H, N.
NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.24-3.65 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH3), (+)-erythro-(1S,2R)-1-Methoxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
3.88 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.31-4.51 (m, 2H, CH2), 5.00 (m, 1H, oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane oxalate (7a) was prepared,
O-CH), 6.47 (br s, 1H, NHCO, exchangeable), 7.07 (s, 1H, ArH), as described for 7b, from (+)-erythro-(1S,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-
bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (6a) as a white
S-(-)-2-[N-(Trifluoroacetyl)amino]-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-
crystals in 67% yield: mp 189-192 °C; [R] ) + bromophenyl)-1-propanone (S(-)13). Oxalyl chloride (11.64
g, 91.8 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred mixture of (-)-erythro-(1R,2S)-1-Methoxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-alanine9 (12a) (8.00 g, 43.2 mmol) and dry
oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane Oxalate (7b). A solution of
pyridine (0.5 mL) in dry CH2Cl2 (300 mL) at 0 °C under an N2 free base of (-)-erythro-(1R,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5- atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (6b) (2.90 g, 10.0 mmol) in
room temperature and stirred for an additional 2 h. The THF (10 mL) was added in a dropwise manner to a suspension mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at a tem- of 95% NaH (0.38 g, 15.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at 0 °C under perature below 30 °C to give an oil. The oil was mixed with 1-bromo-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (9.38 g, 43.2 mmol); the result- 2 atmosphere. After stirring at room temperature for 0.5 h, the reaction mixture was treated in a dropwise manner with ing mixture was dissolved in dry CH2Cl2 (25 mL) and added in a dropwise manner to a stirred solution of 1 M TiCl 3I (1.42 g, 10.0 mmol) at 0 °C and then heated at reflux for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and MeOH CH2Cl2 (64.8 mL) at -50 °C under an N2 atmosphere. The (3 mL) was added to destroy excess NaH. The solution was reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and diluted with H stirred for an additional 60 h, and poured onto crushed ice.
(10 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with CH The organic portion was separated and washed successively 3 solution (2 × 50 mL) and dried (MgSO4), and solvent evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude oil. The oil was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to give was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel; CH a crude, brown product. The product was purified by flash with an ethereal solution of oxalic acid. The precipitated Et2O/hexanes to yield 5.97 g (36%) of the title compound as a oxalate salt was collected by filtration, washed with anhydrous 2O (2 × 10 mL), and recrystallized from Et2O/MeOH to 3) δ 1.43 (d, J ) 6.2 Hz, 3H, CH3), 3.90 (s, 3H, afford 2.88 g (73%) of 7b as white crystals: mp 186-188 °C;
OCH3), 3.95 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.59 (m, 1H, CH), 7.26 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.41 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.61. (br s, 1H, NHCO, exchangeable).
59.8° (c 1, MeOH); 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 0.95 (d, J ) 6.8 Hz, 3H, CH3), 3.27 (s, 3H, CH-OCH3) 3.40 (m, 1H, R-(+)-2-[N-(Trifluoroacetyl)amino]-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-
3 ), 3.78 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.75 (d, J 4-bromophenyl)-1-propanone (R(+)13). An exact replica-
) 2.8 Hz, 1H, CH-OCH3), 6.91 (s, 1H, ArH), 7.30 (s, 1H, ArH).
tion of the above procedure using N-(trifluoroacetyl)-D- alanine10 (12b) in place of 12a gave 6.30 g (38%) of R(+)13 as
(+)-threo-(1S,2S)-1-Methoxy-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimeth-
a white crystals: mp 144-145 °C; [R] ) + oxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane oxalate (7c) was prepared, as
Determination of Binding to 5-HT2A Receptor. To
described for 7b, from (+)-threo-(1S,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-bromo-
determine the relative affinities of serotonergic compounds at 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (6c) as white crystals
the 5-HT2 receptors, their ability to compete for the binding of the agonist radioligand [125I](()DOI to brain 5-HT2A recep- sweetened condensed milk) using standard two-lever Coul- tors was determined as described here with minor modification bourn Instruments operant equipment as previously de- of a literature procedure.21 Aliquots of post mortem rat cerebral scribed.23 Animal studies were conducted under an approved cortex homogenates (400 µL) dispersed in 50 mM Tris-HCl Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol.
buffer (pH 7.4) were incubated with [125I](()DOI (80 pM final) In brief, animals were food-restricted to maintain their body in the absence or presence of methiothepin (10 µM final) to weights at approximately 80% of their free-feeding weight, but define total and nonspecific binding, respectively, in a total were allowed access to water ad lib in their individual home volume of 0.5 mL. The assay mixture was incubated for 1 h at cages. Daily training sessions were conducted with the training 23 °C in polypropylene tubes, and the assays were terminated dose of the training drugs or saline. For approximately half by rapid vacuum filtration over Whatman GF/B glass fiber the animals, the right lever was designated as the drug- filters previously soaked in 0.3% polyethyleneimine using ice- appropriate lever, whereas the situation was reversed for the cold buffer. Nonspecific binding was defined with 1-10 µM remainder of the animals. Learning was assessed every fifth methiothepin. Filter-bound radioactivity was determined by day during an initial 2.5-min nonreinforced (extinction) session liquid scintillation spectrometry on a -counter. The data were followed by a 12.5-min training session. Data collected during analyzed using a nonlinear, iterative curve-fitting computer the extinction session included response rate (i.e., responses program22 to determine the compound’s affinity param-eter. The concentration of the compound needed to inhibit the per minute) and number of responses on the drug-appropriate [125I](()DOI binding by 50% of the maximum (IC lever (expressed as a percent of total responses). Animals were not used in the subsequent stimulus generalization studiesuntil they consistently made Determination of 5-HT
2 Activity: [Ca2+]i Mobilization
drug-appropriate lever after administration of training drug Assay. The receptor-mediated mobilization of intracellular
e20% of their responses on the same drug-appropriate i) was studied using a fluorescence imaging lever after administration of saline for several weeks. During plate reader (FLIPR). Rat vascular smooth muscle cells, A7r5, the stimulus generalization (i.e., substitution) phase of the were grown in a normal media of DMEM/10% FBS and 10 study, maintenance of the training drug/saline discrimination µg/mL gentamycin. Confluent cell monolayers were trypsinized,pelleted, and resuspended in normal media. Cells were seeded was ensured by continuation of the training sessions on a daily in a 50 µL volume at a density of 20 000 cells per well in a basis (except on a generalization test day). On one of the 2 black-walled, 96-well tissue culture plate and grown for 2 days.
days before a generalization test, approximately half the On the day of the experiment, one vial of FLIPR Calcium animals would receive the training dose of training drug and Assay Kit dye was resuspended in 50 mL of a FLIPR buffer the remainder would receive saline; after a 2.5-min extinction consisting of Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), 20 mM session, training was continued for 12.5 min. Animals not HEPES, and 2.5 mM probenecid, pH 7.4. Cells were loaded meeting the original training criteria during the extinction with the calcium-sensitive dye by addition of an equal volume session were excluded from the subsequent generalization test (50 µL) to each well of the 96-well plate and incubated with session. During the investigations of stimulus generalization, dye for 1 h at 23 °C. Typically, test compounds were stored at test sessions were interposed among the training sessions.
25 µM in 50% DMSO/50% ethanol solvent. Compounds were Once per week, the animals were allowed 2.5 min to respond diluted 1:50 in 20% DMSO/20% ethanol. For dose-response under nonreinforcement conditions following administration experiments, compounds were diluted 1:50 in FLIPR buffer of a dose of DOM (1c), R(-)DOB‚HBr, or 6d; animals were
and serially diluted 1:10 to give a five- or eight-point dose- immediately returned to their individual home cages following the 2.5-min test session An odd number of training sessions At the beginning of an experimental run, a signal test was (usually five) separated any two generalization test sessions.
performed to check the basal fluorescence signal from the dye- Doses of test drugs were administered in a random order, using loaded cells and the uniformity of the signal across the plate.
a 15-min presession injection interval, to the group of rats.
The basal fluorescence was adjusted between 8000 and 12 000 Stimulus generalization was considered to have occurred when counts by modifying the exposure time, the camera F-stop, or the animals, after a given dose of drug, made g80% of their the laser power. The instrument settings for a typical assay responses (group mean) on the training drug-appropriate lever.
were as follows: laser power, 0.3-0.6 W; camera F-stop, F/2; Animals making fewer than five total responses during the and exposure time, 0.4 s. An aliquot (25 µL) of the test 2.5-min extinction session were considered as being disrupted.
compound was added to the existing 100 µL dye-loaded cells Percent drug-appropriate responding refer only to animals at a dispensing speed of 50 µL/s. Fluorescence data were making five or more responses during the extinction session.
collected in real-time at 1.0 s intervals for the first 60 s and Where stimulus generalization occurred, an ED50 dose was at 6.0 s intervals for an additional 120 s. Responses were calculated by the method of Finney.24 The ED50 dose represents measured as peak fluorescence intensity minus basal and the drug dose at which animals would be expected to make where appropriate were expressed as a percentage of a 50% of their responses on the drug-appropriate lever. All solutions, in sterile 0.9% saline, were freshly prepared daily.
Acute IOP Response in Conscious Cynomolgus Mon-
keys. Intraocular pressure was determined with an Alcon
Supporting Information Available: Analysis data for
pneumatonometer after light corneal anesthesia with 0.1% 2, 3, 5b, 6a-d, and 7a-d. This material is available free of
proparacaine. Eyes were rinsed with saline after each mea- charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
surement. After a baseline IOP measurement, test compoundwas instilled in one 30 µL aliquot to the ocular hypertensive References
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