Mastitis therapy: To combine or not to combine antibiotics? by Dr Laurent Goby, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, Jawetz's law on antimicrobial combination Ingelheim, Germany.
Bactericidal + bactericidal: may be synergistic or additive.
Antibioticsareusuallypro- narrowspectrumagents(active
Bacteriostatic + bacteriostatic: usually additive.
Bacteriostatic + bactericidal: may be antagonistic or indifferent.
nistic, indifferent or inefficacious.
either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Antimicrobial combinations
involving antibiotic resistant strains. Fight against bacteria
Synergism can be defined as the positive interaction of two or more agents
so that their combined effect is significantly greater than the expected sum
of their individual effects (1 + 1 = 3).
Antagonism is a negative interaction between two drugs; the combined
effect of their combination is significantly less than the sum of the respective
effect when tested separately (1+1=1).
Additivity assumes that the result observed with more than one drug
should be the sum of the separate effects of the drug being tested if those
the activities of the individual agents.
drugs do not interact with one another (1+1=2).
nary medicine, it is still not very clear
exceptions to the so-called ‘Jawetz’s
Interactions investigated Narrow spectrum of activity
A narrow spectrum antibiotic is effective against a relatively defined small
subset of bacteria only a few Gram positive or Gram negative.
Penicillin is an example of an antibiotic possessing a highly efficient but
narrow spectrum of activity, acting particularly against Gram positive bacte-
ria (bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of a particular
substance that retains the colour of the crystal violet stain in the Gram
stain. The Gram positive bacteria include staphylococci and streptococci.
Use of a narrow spectrum antibiotic allows an avoidance of some of the
destruction of normal flora usually associated with antibiotic use.
International Dairy Topics — Volume 7 Number 5
Family of Spectrum Main target antibiotic representatives of activity organisms
compounds or compared to otherantibiotics. In most cases, compara-
however, reported as being some-times associated with a lower rate of
tial treatment). Proof of clinicallyimportant antimicrobial synergy
of antibiotic combinations in anattempt to produce bactericidal syn-
be used successfully to provide abroad spectrum of activity or in the
References
● Gunnison J. B. et al (1953). Studies on antibiotic synergism
vitro of combinations of antibi-otics on bacteria of varying resis-
treatment of clinical mastitis withone of three intramammary antibi-
● Mouton J. W. et al. (1999). Useof Pharmacodynamic Indices To
Table 1. Antibacterial drugs used for mastitis treatment.
International Dairy Topics — Volume 7 Number 5
A qui profite l'addiction ? Michel Hautefeuille - ajouté le 04/10/2004 Intervention au congrès de l'ASPST à Metz 21-22 Mars 2002 Quand on réfléchit au concept d'addiction, on est vite confronté à une sorte de fatras clinique,d'inventaire à la Prévert au sein duquel il va falloir, pour s'y retrouver, passer tout ça au crible, autamis. Et donc le principal problème et de savoir qu
hat die 78. Kammer des Sozialgerichts Hannover auf die mündliche Verhandlung vom 8. August 2012 durch die Vorsitzende, Richterin am Sozialgericht J. , und die ehrenamtlichen Richter K. und L. für Recht erkannt: 1. Die Klage wird abgewiesen. 2. Die Klägerin trägt die Kosten des Rechtsstreits. 3. Der Streitwert beträgt 628,42 Euro. Die Klägerin wendet sich gegen einen Regress wegen Verordn